Methods of Isolation and Characterization of Stem Cells from Different Regions of Oral Cavity Using Markers: A Systematic Review

Abstract

BackgroundPeriodontitis is a destructive inflammatory disorder of the periodontium caused by the destruction of periodontal tissues namely the PDL, cementum, alveolar bone, and gingiva. Once these tissues are lost, the foremost goal of periodontal therapy is to regenerate the diseased tissues if possible to their original form, architecture, and function. Various regenerative procedures were employed and still a gap was found in achieving the goal. As stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate to produce specialized cells, there could be a possibility of using them for regenerative therapy. Recently, dental tissues such as the PDL, the dental pulp and the tooth follicle have been recognized as readily available sources of adult stem cells.AimThe aim was to identify the various sources and methodologies in isolation of stem cells from human oral cavity and its differentiation into various lineages using markers.Materials and MethodsThe electronic databases PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, SCIENCE DIRECT, COCHRANE LIBRARY along with a complimentary manual search of all periodontics journal till the year 2016. Thirteen articles were selected on the basis of the inclusion criteria. Isolation of stem cells from oral cavity through various methods has been evaluated and similarly characterization to different lineages were tabulated as variables of interest. They included human in-vitro and ex-vivo studies.ResultsThe results showed that PDLSC’s and pulpal stem cells are the most common source from where stem cells were isolated. Each source has used different methodology in isolating the stem cells and it was found that STRO-1 was the commonly used marker in all the studies mentioned.ConclusionsThe studies showed that there is no standard protocol existed in isolating the stem cells from different sources of oral cavity. Moreover, there was no standard marker or methodology used in characterization.

Autologous dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells for inferior third molar post-extraction socket healing: A split-mouth randomised clinical trial

“…Furthermore, we did not perform immunohistochemical studies on the newly formed tissue, and we only evaluated the results once, at 6 months after surgery. A recent systematic review found some standardisation gaps in the method of isolation of stem cells from the oral cavity and stated that methodological heterogeneity should be assessed to create a protocol standardising their isolation and differentiation ( 2 ). We agree with the findings of the systematic review.…”

“…MSCs can be isolated from several cell extracts, and some of the most accessible extracts are from the oral cavity (OMSCs). These have been isolated from deciduous teeth, dental follicle, apical papilla, periosteum, dental ligament (LMSCs) and dental pulp (PMSCs) ( 1 - 2 ). MSCs are multipotent stromal cells that can be safely cryopreserved, used with several scaffolds, and extensively proliferate.…”

Stem cells as a promising therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease: a review

“…Future research should be directed to define a standardized protocol for isolation and differentiation of stem cells, through identifying their sources and designing methodologies for their isolation and differentiation into different lineages (Avinash et al 2017). More research is required to define the sources, types, stages, doses, and routes of stem cell transplantation in AD animal models to validate their optimum therapeutic outcome (Banik et al 2015).…”

Storage protocol of dental pulp cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth.

“…Storage protocol of dental pulp cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth INTRoDuCTIoN T he development of cell cultures has been proposed since the 50s to evaluate microscopically normal cell events. Currently, this methodology is largely explored in researches on many knowledge areas because the obtained results are very close or equal to those observed in living organisms [1][2]. Moreover, laboratorial studies are reproducible, have excellent cost-benefit ratio, are pertinent and adequate to guide in vivo experiments [3][4][5].…”

“…In Dentistry, dental tissues for culture of primary cells as dentin, gingiva, and pulp can be obtained during routine procedures [6]. The primary cells exhibit a morphology identical to the tissues of origin, maintain the physiologic features, and can represent the natural conditions of an organism [1,7].…”