Methods for Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Fabrication of Nanocomposites

Rane, Ajay Vasudeo; Kanny, Krishnan; Abitha, V. K.; Thomas, Sabu

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-101975-7.00005-1

Cited by 453 publications

(265 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In contrast, the "bottom up" method allows nanoparticles to be produced by growth from simple molecules: the growth can be controlled by modifying the concentration, the operating conditions, or by functionalizing the particle itself. Considering the specific case of polymeric nanoparticles [27], they are usually prepared by emulsion polymerization. The first step of this methodology is usually the preparation of an emulsion of monomer using a non-solvent and a surfactant and then a free-radical polymerization is initiated by a water-soluble initiator.…”

Section: Synthesis and Formation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this methodology has batch-to batch reproducibility problems and it does not work well if the reactants have very different precipitation rates. The methods explained above are not the only available methods in the literature: other examples are sputtering [28], which is the ejection of atoms from the surface of a material by bombardment; the sol-gel method [29], where the sol (solution) evolves toward the formation of a gel until the formation of a nanoparticle; and others [27].…”

Section: Synthesis and Formation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coating and Functionalization Strategies for Nanogels and Nanoparticles for Selective Drug Delivery

Pinelli

Perale

Rossi

2020

Gels

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Drug delivery is a fascinating research field with several development opportunities. Great attention is now focused on colloidal systems, nanoparticles, and nanogels and on the possibility of modifying them in order to obtain precise targeted drug delivery systems. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the main available surface functionalization and coating strategies that can be adopted in order to modify the selectivity of the nanoparticles in the delivery process and obtain a final system with great targeted drug delivery ability. We also highlight the most important fields of application of these kinds of delivery systems and we propose a comparison between the advantages and disadvantages of the described functionalization strategies.

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Section: Synthesis and Formation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthesis and Formation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coating and Functionalization Strategies for Nanogels and Nanoparticles for Selective Drug Delivery

Pinelli

Perale

Rossi

2020

Gels

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“…Reduction of metal salts requires reactivity of the reduction agent to the redox potential of the metal. The obtained particles are small if the reaction rate during the synthesis process is too fast [35]. However, if the reaction rate is too slow, particle aggregation may occur [36].…”

Section: Chemical Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, Catalytic Properties and Application in Biosensorics of Nanozymes and Electronanocatalysts: A Review

Stasyuk

Smutok

Demkiv

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The current review is devoted to nanozymes, i.e., nanostructured artificial enzymes which mimic the catalytic properties of natural enzymes. Use of the term “nanozyme” in the literature as indicating an enzyme is not always justified. For example, it is used inappropriately for nanomaterials bound with electrodes that possess catalytic activity only when applying an electric potential. If the enzyme-like activity of such a material is not proven in solution (without applying the potential), such a catalyst should be named an “electronanocatalyst”, not a nanozyme. This paper presents a review of the classification of the nanozymes, their advantages vs. natural enzymes, and potential practical applications. Special attention is paid to nanozyme synthesis methods (hydrothermal and solvothermal, chemical reduction, sol-gel method, co-precipitation, polymerization/polycondensation, electrochemical deposition). The catalytic performance of nanozymes is characterized, a critical point of view on catalytic parameters of nanozymes described in scientific papers is presented and typical mistakes are analyzed. The central part of the review relates to characterization of nanozymes which mimic natural enzymes with analytical importance (“nanoperoxidase”, “nanooxidases”, “nanolaccase”) and their use in the construction of electro-chemical (bio)sensors (“nanosensors”).

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“…This approach is very popular in industry because of its simplicity and the absence of noxious organic solvents. Meanwhile, the solution mixing begins with the dispersion of the additives in a polymeric solution followed by a controlled solvent evaporation and a composite film casting [ 52 ]. The organic and inorganic compounds, multi-component formulations, and a range of nanomaterials are used as the additive FRs for different sub-classes of styrenic polymers [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 ,…”

Section: Fire Retardation Of Styrenic Polymers With Phosphorous-comentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive and Additive Modifications of Styrenic Polymers with Phosphorus-Containing Compounds and Their Effects on Fire Retardance

Baby¹,

Tretsiakova-McNally²,

Arun

et al. 2020

Molecules

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Polystyrene, despite its high flammability, is widely used as a thermal insulation material for buildings, for food packaging, in electrical and automotive industries, etc. A number of modification routes have been explored to improve the fire retardance and boost the thermal stability of commercially important styrene-based polymeric products. The earlier strategies mostly involved the use of halogenated fire retardants. Nowadays, these compounds are considered to be persistent pollutants that are hazardous to public and environmental health. Many well-known halogen-based fire retardants, regardless of their chemical structures and modes of action, have been withdrawn from built environments in the European Union, USA, and Canada. This had triggered a growing research interest in, and an industrial demand for, halogen-free alternatives, which not only will reduce the flammability but also address toxicity and bioaccumulation issues. Among the possible options, phosphorus-containing compounds have received greater attention due to their excellent fire-retarding efficiencies and environmentally friendly attributes. Numerous reports were also published on reactive and additive modifications of polystyrene in different forms, particularly in the last decade; hence, the current article aims to provide a critical review of these publications. The authors mainly intend to focus on the chemistries of phosphorous compounds, with the P atom being in different chemical environments, used either as reactive, or additive, fire retardants in styrene-based materials. The chemical pathways and possible mechanisms behind the fire retardance are discussed in this review.

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Methods for Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Fabrication of Nanocomposites

Cited by 453 publications

References 15 publications

Coating and Functionalization Strategies for Nanogels and Nanoparticles for Selective Drug Delivery

Coating and Functionalization Strategies for Nanogels and Nanoparticles for Selective Drug Delivery

Synthesis, Catalytic Properties and Application in Biosensorics of Nanozymes and Electronanocatalysts: A Review

Reactive and Additive Modifications of Styrenic Polymers with Phosphorus-Containing Compounds and Their Effects on Fire Retardance

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