Methodology Review: Analysis of Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices

Schmitt, Neal; Stults, Daniel M.

doi:10.1177/014662168601000101

Cited by 272 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…As in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach taken by Landy et al (1991), the correlations in Table 4 were used to calculate the variance component estimates for each rater pair. This technique provides a way to summarize the correlation matrix and partition the variance into four sources: (a) a ratee component that underlies all judgments of the target person across traits and raters (convergent validity), (b) a Ratee X Trait component that represents the independence among the traits (discriminant validity), (c) a Ratee X Rater component that has been regarded as the halo effect, and (d) random error (Schmitt & Stultz, 1986;Stanley, 1961). Given the lack of clear standards for the variance component estimates, the values were compared with those reported by Landy et al (1991) for self and spouse ratings using the Time Urgency Scale and with typical estimates across various studies computed by L. M. King, Hunter, and Schmidt (1980).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time management: Test of a process model.

Macan¹

1994

Journal of Applied Psychology

442

447

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Although the popular literature on time management claims that engaging in time management behaviors results in increased job performance and satisfaction and fewer job tensions, a theoretical framework and empirical examination are lacking. To address this deficiency, the author proposed and tested a process model of time management. Employees in a variety of jobs completed several scales; supervisors provided performance ratings. Examination of the path coefficients in the model suggested that engaging in some time management behaviors may have beneficial effects on tensions and job satisfaction but not on job performance. Contrary to popular claims, time management training was not found to be effective.There is a voluminous popular literature that lauds the benefits of time management. Examples of some books and magazine articles on the subject are: "Time Is Money, So Use It Productively" (Taylor & Mackenzie, 1986), "Put Time on Your Side" (Emanuel, 1982), and "How To Get Control of Your Time and Your Life" (Lakein, 1973). Surprisingly little empirical research, however, has examined time management. Perhaps it is because time management is typically viewed as a fad and not held in very high esteem by researchers in the field. Nonetheless, many organizations promote efficient use of company time and spend a great deal of money on having their employees learn these time management behaviors. This emphasis on time management stems from the untested popular belief that poor allocation of time not only increases employee stress, but also impairs performance. In the present research, I tested this belief by examining a process model of the effects of time management training on time management behaviors; perceived control of time; and stress responses, job satisfaction, and job performance. Process Model of Time Management Time Management Training Leads to Time Management BehaviorsAccording to Lakein's (1973) description of time management, individuals first determine their needs and wants and then rank them in terms of importance. Specific activities include setting goals to achieve the needs or wants and prioritizing the tasks necessary to accomplish them. The tasks of utmost I thank Gary K. Burger, Robert L. Dipboye, Miles L. Patterson, Carlla S. Smith, and Mark E. Tubbs for invaluable assistance. Thanks are also due Dick Jeanneret, Micheal Bosen, and Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) Services for the job structure information based on PAQ job data and to Denise Champagne for providing the data for Study 2.1 am also grateful to the anonymous reviewers, whose suggestions greatly improved the quality of the article.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Therese HofFMacan, Department of Psychology, University of MissouriSt. Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, importance are then matched to the time and resources available by planning, scheduling, and making lists. Lakein also described other time management tips, such as organizing the work space and determining the approach to ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time management: Test of a process model.

Macan¹

1994

Journal of Applied Psychology

442

447

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“…Originally this methodology was introduced by Campbell and Fiske (1959 (Schmitt and Stults, 1986;Jöreskog and Sörbom, 1989). We have performed analyses based on both classical Campbell and Fiske criteria and by using confirmatory factor analysis.…”

Section: A P P E N D Ix Amentioning

confidence: 99%

The comparability and reliability of five health-state valuation methods

Krabbe

Essink‐Bot

Bonsel

1997

Social Science & Medicine

114

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Please be advised that this information was generated on 2018-05-09 and may be subject to change.P e r g a m o n Soc. Sci. Med, Vol. 45, N o. I l , pp. 1641-1652, 1997 © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. A ll rights reserved P I I : S 0 2 7 7 -9 5 3 6 (9 7 )0 0 0 9 9 -3 Printed in Great Britain 0277-9536/97 $17. Abstract-The objective of the study was to consider five methods for valuing health states with respect to their comparability (convergent validity, value functions) and reliability. Valuation tasks were per formed by 104 student volunteers using five frequently used valuation methods: standard gamble (SG), time trade-off (TTO), rating scale (RS), willingness-to-pay (WTP) and the paired comparisons method (PC). Throughout the study, the EuroQoI classification system was used to construct 13 health-state descriptions. Validity was investigated using the multitrait-multimethod (M TM M ) methodology. The extent to which results of one method could be predicted by another was examined by transformations. Reliability of the methods was studied parametrically with Generalis ability Theory (an A N O V A exten sion), as well as non-parametrically. Mean values for SG were slightly higher than TTO values. The RS could be distinguished from the other methods. After a simple power transformation, the RS values were found to be close to SG and TTO. Mean values of WTP were linearly related to SG and TTO, except at the extremes of the scale. However, the reliability of WTP was low and the number of incon sistencies substantial. Valuations made by the RS proved to be the most reliable. Paired comparisons did not provide stable results. In conclusion, the results of the parametric transformation function between RS and SG/TTO provide evidence to justify the current use of RS (with transformations) not only for reasons of feasibility and reliability but also for reasons o f comparability. A definite judgement on PC requires data of a complete design. Due to the specific structure of the correlation matrix which is inherent in valuing health states, we believe that full M TM M is not applicable for the standard analysis of health-state valuations.

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“…For example, an individual's visual imagery ability of a waist bend is likely to be associated with his or her kinesthetic imagery ability of this movement. Multitraitmultimethod (MTMM) analyses offer a more appropriate statistical approach for establishing the relationship among the traits (i.e., visual and kinesthetic imagery ability) when the effects of method variance and random error are present (Schmitt & Stults, 1986;Marsh & Grayson, 1995). The absence of an MTMM approach in the previous CFAs of the MIQ-R might explain why inconsistent models have been produced (i.e., a two-factor correlated traits English version, and a two-factor uncorrelated traits French version).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Further Validation and Development of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire

Williams

Cumming

Ntoumanis

et al. 2012

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

188

144

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This research validated and extended the Movement Imagery QuestionnaireRevised (MIQ-R; Hall & Martin, 1997). Study 1 (N = 400) examined the MIQ-R's factor structure via multitrait-multimethod confirmatory factor analysis. The questionnaire was then modified in Study 2 (N = 370) to separately assess the ease of imaging external visual imagery and internal visual imagery, as well as kinesthetic imagery (termed the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3; MIQ-3). Both Studies 1 and 2 found that a correlated-traits correlated-uniqueness model provided the best fit to the data, while displaying gender invariance and no significant differences in latent mean scores across gender. Study 3 (N = 97) demonstrated the MIQ-3's predictive validity revealing the relationships between imagery ability and observational learning use. Findings highlight the method effects that occur by assessing each type of imagery ability using the same four movements and demonstrate that better imagers report greater use of observational learning.

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Methodology Review: Analysis of Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices

Cited by 272 publications

References 67 publications

Time management: Test of a process model.

Time management: Test of a process model.

The comparability and reliability of five health-state valuation methods

Further Validation and Development of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire

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