Methodology

Implications of sustainability for the United States light-duty transportation sector

“…Estimates of the CIs of these primary sources are 1000 g/kW h for coal, 470 g/kW h for natural gas, and an average 14 g/kW h for various renewable sources and nuclear sources. 51 Given these estimates, a simple three-element mixture model says that to meet the 345 g/kW h requirement, the fraction of electricity generated by renewables or nuclear must meet the following requirement:…”

Economic Evaluation of Renewable Energy Applications for Eastern Shore Communities of Maryland

“…The Geothermal power stations contribute relatively little to pollution compared with traditional plants, but they can contribute to soil problems and therefore can be risky [2]. The costs are extremely high to build a geothermal power station, which includes extensive earthwork and testing [5].…”

“…Natural gas is the second most common fossil fuel for power generation, and it emits greenhouse gasses at about half the rate of coal. In some countries, fuel oil is used for power generation, but this is not a significant improvement over coal with respect to pollution [2]. Therefore, natural gas is the preferred fossil fuel both for heat and power generation.…”

“…Although nuclear energy has declined in its proportion of the worldwide electricity supply since 2000, it was still responsible for over ten percent of the supply in 2012 [1]. Nuclear power is an improvement over fossil fuels because it does not consume critical nonrenewable resources and it does not emit high levels of pollutants [2]. However, there are a lot of concerns whenever nuclear processes are used on this earth.…”

“…It is an economic advantage to use these plants because the cost of operation is lower than fuel plants [3]. Also, this type of power generation releases minimal greenhouse gasses, so it is beneficial to the atmosphere [2]. However, this system does have its drawbacks due to the scarcity of water.…”