Methodologies in creating skin substitutes

Nicholas, Mathew N.; Jeschke, Marc G.; Amini-Nik, Saeid

doi:10.1007/s00018-016-2252-8

Cited by 90 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 204 publications

(256 reference statements)

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“…Tissue engineering seeks to create replacement tissues to restore or maintain organ function and to repair tissue defects [40]. Recreating an environment that promotes fundamental homeostatic mechanisms is a significant challenge in tissue engineering [80]. Optimizing cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and angiogenesis and provide suitable stromal support and signaling clues are the key to successfully generating clinically useful tissue [81].…”

Section: Tissue Engineering and Cell-based Therapy For Wound Healingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Wound Healing: An Update on the Current Knowledge and Concepts

Sorg

Tilkorn²,

Hager³

et al. 2016

Eur Surg Res

905

691

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Background: The integrity of healthy skin plays a crucial role in maintaining physiological homeostasis of the human body. The skin is the largest organ system of the body. As such, it plays pivotal roles in the protection against mechanical forces and infections, fluid imbalance, and thermal dysregulation. At the same time, it allows for flexibility to enable joint function in some areas of the body and more rigid fixation to hinder shifting of the palm or foot sole. Many instances lead to inadequate wound healing which necessitates medical intervention. Chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus or peripheral vascular disease can lead to impaired wound healing. Acute trauma such as degloving or large-scale thermal injuries are followed by a loss of skin organ function rendering the organism vulnerable to infections, thermal dysregulation, and fluid loss. Methods: For this update article, we have reviewed the actual literature on skin wound healing purposes focusing on the main phases of wound healing, i.e., inflammation, proliferation, epithelialization, angiogenesis, remodeling, and scarring. Results: The reader will get briefed on new insights and up-to-date concepts in skin wound healing. The macrophage as a key player in the inflammatory phase will be highlighted. During the epithelialization process, we will present the different concepts of how the wound will get closed, e.g., leapfrogging, lamellipodial crawling, shuffling, and the stem cell niche. The neovascularization represents an essential component in wound healing due to its fundamental impact from the very beginning after skin injury until the end of the wound remodeling. Here, the distinct pattern of the neovascularization process and the special new functions of the pericyte will be underscored. At the end, this update will present 3 topics of high interest in skin wound healing issues, dealing with scarring, tissue engineering, and plasma application. Conclusion: Although wound healing mechanisms and specific cell functions in wound repair have been delineated in part, many underlying pathophysiological processes are still unknown. The purpose of the following update on skin wound healing is to focus on the different phases and to brief the reader on the current knowledge and new insights. Skin wound healing is a complex process, which is dependent on many cell types and mediators interacting in a highly sophisticated temporal sequence. Although some interactions during the healing process are crucial, redundancy is high and other cells or mediators can adopt functions or signaling without major complications.

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Section: Tissue Engineering and Cell-based Therapy For Wound Healingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Wound Healing: An Update on the Current Knowledge and Concepts

Sorg

Tilkorn²,

Hager³

et al. 2016

Eur Surg Res

905

691

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As the largest organ in the human body, [14] the skin consists of the epidermal and dermal layers [14,15]. In the epidermal layer, the main cell types are keratinocytes, while fibroblasts are the main cell types in the dermal layer of the skin [10]. Initially, 2D skin cell cultures consisted primarily of keratinocytes [8,9].…”

Section: D Skin Cell Culturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HSEs are 3D cell culture models created from various human skin cells and materials that mimic the extracellular matrix [45] and are created as either epidermal equivalents, dermal equivalents or skin equivalents consisting of both layers [8,45]. Skin equivalents that are used as replacement skin for patients, known as skin grafts, are useful in conditions where the skin cannot adequately heal on its own, such as in the case of a burn victim or chronic ulcers/wounds [10].…”

Section: Human Skin Equivalentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In vitro skin cell cultures developed initially were primarily 2D with keratinocytes as the primary cell types [8,9]. In the epidermal layer, the main cell types are keratinocytes, while fibroblasts are the main cell types in the dermal layer of the skin [10]. It is thus evident that an in vitro model consisting of both keratinocytes and fibroblasts is required to better mimic the physiological functions of the human skin, especially with relation to the wound healing properties of the skin [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

2D vs. 3D Cell Culture Models for In Vitro Topical (Dermatological) Medication Testing

Teimouri¹,

Yeung²,

Agu³

2019

Cell Culture

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Due to ethical concerns regarding animal testing, alternative methods have been in development to test the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products and medications, specifically topical (dermatological) medications. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) skin cell cultures are examples of in vitro methods used as an alternative to animal testing. The first skin cells cultured were keratinocytes, a type of cell predominantly in the epidermal layer of the skin. However, with differences in skin characteristics and pathophysiology of different skin conditions, various skin cell cultures and models to better mimic these differences have been developed. These cell cultures include not only keratinocytes but also other skin cell types, such as fibroblasts, which are predominantly in the dermal layer of the skin, and certain immune cells and even melanocytes. To have a better understanding of the type of cell cultures used for testing dermatological products, this chapter aims to outline the differences between 2D and 3D skin cell cultures while considering the advantages and disadvantages of each culture. Different types of cell culture models used for wound healing and for inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis will also be discussed.

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“…Although research continues and skin substitutes gain in efficacy, wound healing remains a clinical challenge, particularly with an aging population (Jeschke et al, 2015, 2016). Clinical and pre-clinical studies using cell-based therapies are being gradually introduced into medical care to manage skin wounds because they can repair/replace damaged tissue with a healthy tissue due to their natural ability to produce cytokines and molecules necessary for wound healing (Marfia et al, 2015; Markeson et al, 2015; Nicholas et al, 2016a,b). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acellular Gelatinous Material of Human Umbilical Cord Enhances Wound Healing: A Candidate Remedy for Deficient Wound Healing

et al. 2017

Self Cite

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Impaired wound healing is a severe clinical challenge and research into finding effective wound healing strategies is underway as there is no ideal treatment. Gelatinous material from the umbilical cord called Wharton's jelly is a valuable source of mesenchymal stem cells which have been shown to aid wound healing. While the cellular component of Wharton's jelly has been the subject of extensive research during the last few years, little is known about the de-cellularized jelly material of the umbilical cord. This is important as they are native niche of stem cells. We have isolated Wharton's jelly from umbilical cords and then fractionated acellular gelatinous Wharton's jelly (AGWJ). Here, we show for the first time that AGWJ enhances wound healing in vitro as well as in vivo for wounds in a murine model. In vivo staining of the wounds revealed a smaller wound length in the AGWJ treated wounds in comparison to control treatment by enhancing cell migration and differentiation. AGWJ significantly enhanced fibroblast cell migration in vitro. Aside from cell migration, AGWJ changed the cell morphology of fibroblasts to a more elongated phenotype, characteristic of myofibroblasts, confirmed by upregulation of alpha smooth muscle actin using immunoblotting. AGWJ treatment of wounds led to accelerated differentiation of cells into myofibroblasts, shortening the proliferation phase of wound healing. This data provides support for a novel wound healing remedy using AGWJ. AGWJ being native biological, cost effective and abundantly available globally, makes it a highly promising treatment option for wound dressing and skin regeneration.

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Methodologies in creating skin substitutes

Cited by 90 publications

References 204 publications

Skin Wound Healing: An Update on the Current Knowledge and Concepts

Skin Wound Healing: An Update on the Current Knowledge and Concepts

2D vs. 3D Cell Culture Models for In Vitro Topical (Dermatological) Medication Testing

Acellular Gelatinous Material of Human Umbilical Cord Enhances Wound Healing: A Candidate Remedy for Deficient Wound Healing

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