Method for assessing food intakes in terms of servings based on food guidance

Cleveland, Linda; Cook, David; Krebs‐Smith, Susan M.; Friday, James

doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.4.1254s

Cited by 92 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…For example in a secondary analysis of data from the third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994, EDNP foods were limited to visible fat, sweeteners, desserts, salty snacks and miscellaneous foods but excluded high fat fast foods such as fried potatoes, hamburgers and pizza (Kant, 2000). These mixed dishes were disaggregated into their individual components and assigned to their relevant food group (Cleveland et al, 1997). Nevertheless, EDNP foods contributed to 27% of energy intake in adults, with alcoholic beverages contributing an extra 4%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of ‘extra’ foods by Australian adults: types, quantities and contribution to energy and nutrient intakes

et al. 2008

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Objectives: To identify the types and quantities of 'extra' foods, or energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, consumed by Australian adults, and assess their contribution to total energy and nutrient intakes. Subject/Methods: We used 24-h recall data from 10 851 adults, aged 19 years and over, who participated in the nationally representative 1995 National Nutrition Survey. 'Extra' foods were defined using principles outlined in the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and by applying cut points for maximum amounts of fat and sugar within each food category. Results: 'Extra' foods contributed to 36% of daily energy intake with the highest contributors being fried potatoes (2.8%), margarine (2.6%), cakes and muffins (2.5%), beer (2.4%), sugar-sweetened soft drinks (2.4%), and meat pies (2.2%). Both age and sex were important determinants of 'extra' foods intake; younger adults were more likely to consume sugar-sweetened soft drinks, fried potatoes, meat pies and savoury pastries, pizza, crisps, lollies and chocolate; whereas older adults were more likely to consume sweet and savoury biscuits, cakes and muffins, margarine and butter. In all age groups, 'extra' foods contributed more to energy intake for men than women. Overall, 'extra' foods contributed 16% protein, 41% total fat, 41% saturated fat, 47% sugar and approximately 20% of selected micronutrients to the diet. Conclusions: 'Extra' foods contribute excessively to the energy, fat and sugar intakes of Australian adults, while providing relatively few micronutrients. This is of concern for the increasing risk of overweight and chronic disease and poor micronutrient status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of ‘extra’ foods by Australian adults: types, quantities and contribution to energy and nutrient intakes

et al. 2008

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“…Nutrient and food data were averaged across 3 days to obtain an estimate of dairy, energy, and calcium intakes for all foods consumed. Mixed dishes were disaggregated to include dairy food ingredients and then were summed to obtain dairy servings based on the US Department of Agriculture Food Pyramid Guidelines (35).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Girls’ Dairy Intake, Energy Intake, and Weight Status

Fiorito¹,

Ventura²,

Mitchell³

et al. 2006

Journal of the American Dietetic Association

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We explored the relationships among girls' weight status, dairy servings, and total energy intake. The hypothesis that consuming dairy could reduce risk for overweight was evaluated by comparing energy intake and weight status of girls who met or consumed less than the recommended three servings of dairy per day. Participants included 172 11-year-old non-Hispanic white girls, assessed cross-sectionally. Intakes of dairy, calcium, and energy were measured using three 24-hour recalls. Body mass index and body fat measures from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were obtained. Because preliminary analyses suggested systematic underreporting of energy intake, the relationships among dairy servings and measures of weight status were examined for the total sample and for subsamples of under-, plausible, and overreporters. Data for the total sample provided support for the hypothesized relationship among weight status, dairy servings, and energy intake. Thirty-nine percent of girls reported consuming the recommended ≥3 servings of dairy per day; these girls also reported higher energy intake but had lower body mass index z scores and body fat than the girls who consumed fewer than three dairy servings each day. Among plausible reporters, no relationship between dairy intake and weight status was noted. This discrepancy may be attributable to a high percentage (45%) of overweight underreporters in the total sample. Our findings reveal that reporting bias, resulting from the presence of a substantial proportion of underreporters of higher weight status, can contribute to obtaining spurious associations between dairy intake and weight status. These findings underscore the need for randomly controlled trials to assess the role of dairy in weight management.The prevalence of pediatric obesity has been rising for more than 20 years (1). There is evidence that increased intake of dairy foods and calcium may play a significant role in maintaining a healthful weight and moderating body fat (2-15). However, results across studies have been inconsistent (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28), and this may be attributable to major challenges in using self-reported dietary intake data. Self-reported intakes tend to be subject to underreporting bias and the underreporting of energy intake tends to be positively related to weight status. Underreporters also tend to weigh more (29,30). Doubly labeled water techniques assessing energy expenditure suggest underreporting results in a 10% to 50% underestimation of actual energy intake and is a significant problem in older children (31). Doubly labeled water techniques are expensive and not feasible for large samples; thus, several methods have been developed that use estimated energy requirements to assess reporting bias (29,32). Therefore, in this study the method suggested by Huang and colleagues (29) was used to classify children as under-,

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“…Details about calculation of added sugar are described elsewhere. 27 Information on age, gender, race/ethnicity, body measurements (including weight and height), smoking status, vitamin and mineral supplement use, medication use (including diuretics, ␤-blockers, aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and medical conditions (including self-reported diabetes) was collected by selfreport. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kilograms)/height (meters) 2 .…”

Section: Assessment Of Dietary Intakes and Covariatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake of Added Sugar and Sugar-Sweetened Drink and Serum Uric Acid Concentration in US Men and Women

et al. 2007

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Abstract-Fructose-induced hyperuricemia might have a causal role in metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and other chronic disease. However, no study has investigated whether sugar added to foods or sugar-sweetened beverages, which are major sources of fructose, are associated with serum uric acid concentration in free-living populations. We examined the relationship between the intakes of added sugars and sugar-sweetened beverages and serum uric acid concentrations in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002, a nationally representative sample of men and women. We included 4073 subjects (1988 men and 2085 women) Ͼ18 years of age in the current study. Dietary intake was assessed by a single 24-hour recall. We used multivariate linear regression to adjust for age, gender, intake of energy and alcohol, body mass index, use of diuretics, ␤-blockers, and other covariates. Male subjects in the highest intake quartile of estimated intake of added sugars or sugar-sweetened drinks had higher plasma uric acid concentrations than those in the lowest intake quartiles (PϽ0.001 for both) after adjusting for potential confounders, whereas we did not observe significant associations for females (P for trendϾ0.2; P for interaction Ͻ0.01). Further research is needed to confirm causality of these associations and the observed difference by gender. (Hypertension. 2007;50:306-312.)

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Method for assessing food intakes in terms of servings based on food guidance

Cited by 92 publications

References 16 publications

Consumption of ‘extra’ foods by Australian adults: types, quantities and contribution to energy and nutrient intakes

Consumption of ‘extra’ foods by Australian adults: types, quantities and contribution to energy and nutrient intakes

Girls’ Dairy Intake, Energy Intake, and Weight Status

Intake of Added Sugar and Sugar-Sweetened Drink and Serum Uric Acid Concentration in US Men and Women

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