Method Development and Fate Determination of Pesticide-Treated Hops and Their Subsequent Usage in the Production of Beer

Abstract

The fate of residues of seven agrochemicals (chlorfenapyr, quinoxyfen, tebuconazole, fenarimol, pyridaben, and E- and Z-dimethomorph) from the treatment on hops to the brewing of beer was studied. First, a multi-residue analytical method was developed for the determination of pesticide residues in spent hops, trub, wort, and beer. Each matrix was validated over at least two levels of fortification, for all seven compounds, in the ranges 0.05-5.0, 0.001-1.0, 0.001-0.05, and 0.0005-1.0 ppm for spent hops, trub, wort, and beer, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 73 to 136%. Second, the matrixes prepared from hops, which were treated under commercial practices with each compound, were analyzed using the method developed. The use of treated hops resulted in the carryover of 0.001 ppm of tebuconazole, 0.008 Z-dimethomorph, and 0.005 ppm of E-dimethomorph into the wort. The bulk of the remaining residues of all seven compounds was found on the spent hops. Following fermentation, all compounds were found in levels less than 0.0005 ppm in beer, except Z- (0.006 ppm) and E-dimethomorph (0.004 ppm). Third, when all seven pesticides were spiked prior to the pitching of yeast into clean wort, most of the nonpolar compounds (chlorfenapyr, quinoxyfen, and pyridaben) partitioned into the organic material (trub) which settled to the bottom, while the more polar compounds (fenarimol, tebuconazole, and E- and Z-dimethomorph) were generally distributed evenly between the beer and the trub.

Dispersive micro-solid phase extraction based on self-assembling, ionic liquid-coated magnetic particles for the determination of clofentezine and chlorfenapyr in environmental water samples

“…Chlorfenapyr has been used to control pests on vegetables, cotton and soybeans in many countries. [5][6][7] Residues of clofentezine and chlorfenapyr can be transferred from farming land to the environment and can be found in rivers. Several studies have demonstrated that chlorfenapyr is a potential hazard to aquatic organisms, based on chlorfenapyr toxicity studies with aquatic organisms and conservative estimates of exposure in water conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the European Union.…”

Levels, Sources and Risk Characterization of Organochlorine Pesticides in Beer Samples from Romania

“…Hengel and Shibamoto have shown the presence of pesticides in hops and barley at higher levels as compared to the beer found in our proposed study [27]. This can be due to the fact that during the beer production, pesticide residues which might be present on barley and hops are transferred in beer according to their water partition coefficient (Kow).…”

Fate of Pesticide Residues on Raw Agricultural Crops after Postharvest Storage and Food Processing to Edible Portions

“…In practice, a combination of the malting process, the high dilution with water and the filtering processes generally result in non detectable residues in beer. Malting of barley resulted in loss of about 80% of fenitrothion residues (Holland 1994), 58% of tebuconazole, 48% of fenarimol, 22-23% of Z-and E-dimethomorph, and almost diminished residues of chlorfenapyr, quinozyfen and pyridaben (Hengel & Shibamoto 2002). Synthetic pyrethroid residues underwent similar high losses during malting (Holland 1994).…”