Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin in Trinidad &amp; Tobago: a case report

Akpaka, Patrick Eberechi; Monecke, Stefan; Swanston, William H.; Rao, Anju; Schulz, Renée; Levett, Paul N.

doi:10.1186/1752-1947-5-157

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Staphylococcus aureus isolates used for the analysis were previously reported [10][11][12]. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using conventional, automated (Microscan Walkaway, Siemens USA) and molecular methods (DNA Microarray assay and Multi Locus Sequence Type -MLST).…”

Section: Bacterial Isolates and Susceptibility Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Trinidad and Tobago

Akpaka

Roberts

Monecke³

2017

Journal of Infection and Public Health

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Staphylococcus aureus continues to pose major public health challenges in many areas because of antibiotic resistance problems. In the Caribbean, especially Trinidad and Tobago, the challenge is not different. This study was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance gene prevalence among S. aureus isolates in Trinidad and Tobago. Standard and molecular microbiological methods, including the Microscan automated system, DNA microarray and multi locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, were performed on 309 clinical S. aureus isolates recovered from patients who were treated at three of the country's main health institutions. S. aureus exhibited susceptibilities ≥80% to eleven of the 19 antimicrobials tested against it, and these belong to the most commonly used and available antibiotics in the country. While the antibiotic to which it was most susceptible of the commonly used antibiotics was trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, the antibiotics to which it was least susceptible or most resistant to were ampicillin and penicillin. S. aureus isolates from the pediatric ward produced the greatest rate of susceptibility among the isolates recovered from patients admitted into hospitals, while isolates from Accident and Emergency rooms displayed the greatest susceptibilities among patients from the community. S. aureus isolates from the country did not harbor acquired resistant genes targeting clindamycin/macrolides (ermB), linezolid (cfr) or vancomycin (vanA). The blaZ gene, which is the most common beta lactam (Penicillinase) resistance mechanism for S. aureus, was observed in 88.7% of the methicillin susceptible S. aureus, while methicillin resistance mediated by the mec gene was present in 13.6%. Most of the resistance markers found in MRSA isolates were significantly associated with the ST239-MRSA-III strain in this study, and all isolates that belonged to the USA300 strain, which additionally encoded both the PVL gene and ACME cluster, belonged to CC8. Several resistant genes, such as vanA, cfr and ermB, mediating resistance in S. aureus, are currently non-existent in Trinidad and Tobago. However, the majority of SCCmec genes were observed, suggesting that there is ongoing nosocomial transmission with minimal community transmission. This calls for stringent antibiotic stewardship and policies in the country.

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Section: Bacterial Isolates and Susceptibility Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Trinidad and Tobago

Akpaka

Roberts

Monecke³

2017

Journal of Infection and Public Health

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“…Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen often carried asymptomatically on the human body, and is a major cause of various community-and hospital-acquired infections that lead to a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from diseases of the skin and soft tissues, surgical infections, to endocarditis and fatal pneumonia (Casey et al 2007, Ippolito et al 2010, Akpaka et al 2011. Hospital-acquired methicillinresistant S. aureus (HA-MRSA) strains are no longer limited to hospitals, but have now spread to other healthcare settings such as long-term care facilities (LTCFs) (Furuno et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Like methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) clinical isolates in the community, the majority of CA-MRSA clinical isolates are recovered from skin or soft tissues (Maltezou and Giamarellou 2006). Th is strain of bacteria has the considerable ability to adapt to diff erent antibiotics, and now, with the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, S. aureus is a concern in the treatment of infectious diseases (Akpaka et al 2011, Diep et al 2008. MRSA includes those strains that have acquired the gene mec A for methicillin resistance and essentially for all other beta-lactam antibiotics (Fitzgerald et al 2001, Lee 2003.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical test to detect mecA and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, based on novel biotechnological methods

Shahmohammadi

Nahaei

Akbarzadeh

et al. 2015

Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology

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The results of our study showed that 47% of S. aureus isolates were MRSA. Overall, in this research study, resistance to all test antimicrobial agents in MRSA isolates were higher than that of MSSA isolates. Our results also revealed that 85% of mecA-positive isolates and 15% of mecA-negative isolates were resistant to methicillin; while 96% of mecA-negative isolates were sensitive to methicillin. Meanwhile 4% of mecA-positive isolates were also sensitive to methicillin.

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“…This pathogenicity is associated with different enzymes and toxins such as enterotoxins, exfoliative toxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, and Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) (1,2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This bacterium has the remarkable ability to adapt to different antibiotics and now with the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria, S. aureus is a warning for public health (1,3). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains are able to grow in the presence of methicillin, oxacillin and nafcillin (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Methicillin Resistant and Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in Tehran, Iran

Rahimi

Bouzari

Katouli

et al. 2013

Jundishapur J Microbiol

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A B S T R A C TBackground: Staphylococcus aureus is associated with different infections ranging from skin and soft tissue infections to endocarditis and fatal pneumonia. S. aureus is still the most common bacterial species isolated from inpatient specimens and the second most common from outpatient specimens. Today, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates are present in the hospitals of most countries and are often resistant to several antibiotics. Objectives: This study was conducted from 2007 to 2011 to detect prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns among MRSA and methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolated from hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: Totally 726 isolates of S. aureus were collected from three referral hospitals in Tehran. All isolates were identified at the species level by standard biochemical tests. Susceptibility to eighteen antibiotics was determined by disc diffusion method. Then oxacillin and vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of resistant isolates was also determined using Etest. mecA gene was detected using specific primers. Results: A total of 216 (30%) strains were found to be MRSA isolates. The highest antibiotic resistance was to penicillin, clindamycin, tobramycin and tetracycline respectively. Ninety three and 61% of MRSA and MSSA isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) respectively. However, no strain was resistant to vancomycin, synercid, linezolid and chloramphenicol. Sixty nine percent of MRSA isolates showed high level of resistance to oxacillin (MIC ≥ 256 µg/mL). mecA gene was detected among all MRSA isolates. Conclusions: Although the frequency of MRSA isolates in the current study was low, resistance to other antibiotics was high and most of the isolates were found to be MDR. Regular surveillance of hospital-associated infections and monitoring of their antibiotic sensitivity patterns are required to reduce MRSA prevalence. High frequency of MDR isolates of S. aureus could be considered as an urgent warning for public health.

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Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin in Trinidad & Tobago: a case report

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Trinidad and Tobago

Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Trinidad and Tobago

Clinical test to detect mecA and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, based on novel biotechnological methods

Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Methicillin Resistant and Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in Tehran, Iran

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