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AMEs genes are disseminated in different clones of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa isolates in Iran. Other than AMEs, there are more complex and multifactorial mechanisms that result in aminoglycoside-resistant phenotypes.

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The lactic acid bacteria contributing to Lighvan cheese ripening during the different stages of production were investigated. Isolated strains from different culture media were identified phenotypically to species and subspecies level. In total, 413 strains were isolated from raw milk, 1‐day‐old cheese and fully ripened cheese. The most abundant species belonged to Enterococcus faecium (87 isolates), Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis (68 isolates), Enterococcus faecalis (55 isolates) and Lactobacillus plantarum (48 isolates). E. faecium, Lc. lactis and Lb. plantarum were the predominantly isolated strains from ripened cheese. Therefore, they may contribute considerably to the aroma and flavour development of Lighvan cheese.

Carbapenems have been considered as last line antibiotics for treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii but carbapenem resistant A. baumannii has been increased during the last decade in many parts of the world. OXA-type β-lactamase enzymes are the most common cause of carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii and presence of ISAba1 in upstream of these genes may increase the expression of these OXA genes. The aim of this study was to determine, for the first time, the antibiotic resistance pattern and prevalence of OXA type β-lactamases among nosocomial A. baumannii isolates from northwest of Iran. A total of 100 A. baumannii isolates were recovered from hospitalized patients in a university hospital in northwest of Iran. Sixty-two percent of isolates were resistant to imipenem. All isolates carried bla(OXA-51)-like gene. Among imipenem resistant isolates, 88.7% carried bla(OXA-23)-like, 1.6% carried bla(OXA-40)-like, and 3.2% had bla(OXA-58)-like resistance genes. Ninety percent of isolates contained ISAba1 element and in 74.2% of imipenem resistant isolates, ISAba1 was located in upstream of bla(OXA-23)-like. The results of this study demonstrated high prevalence of OXA-type carbapenemase among MDR A. bumanii in the Northwest of Iran.

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