Metastatic leydig cell tumor of the testis report of three cases and review of the literature

Grem, Jean L.; Robins, H. Ian; Wilson, Kenneth S.; Gilchrist, Kennedy W.; Trump, Donald L.

doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19861101)58:9<2116::aid-cncr2820580925>3.0.co;2-x

Cited by 88 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Only about 1% of testicular tumors are LC adenomas (0.01% of all cancers in men), and these occur at an ageadjusted rate of 0.4 per million in the U.S. (Cotran et al, 1994;Gilliland and Key, 1995). Human LCTs are exclusively benign in children (Kaplan et al, 1986), but approximately 10 to 15% can be malignant in adults (Grem et al, 1986). The incidence of LCTs appears to vary by ethnic background, where the highest incidence is seen in white males (Dieckmann et al, 1993;Bosland, 1994).…”

Section: A Human Incidence Of Lctsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rodent Leydig Cell Tumorigenesis: A Review of the Physiology, Pathology, Mechanisms, and Relevance to Humans

Cook

Klinefelter

Hardisty

et al. 1999

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

175

122

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Leydig cells (LCs) are the cells of the testis that have as their primary function the production of testosterone. LCs are a common target of compounds tested in rodent carcinogenicity bioassays. The number of reviews on Leydig cell tumors (LCTs) has increased in recent years because of its common occurrence in rodent bioassays and the importance in assessing the relevance of this tumor type to humans. To date, there have been no comprehensive reviews to identify all the compounds that have been shown to induce LCTs in rodents or has any review systematically evaluated the epidemiology data to determine whether humans were at increased risk for developing LCTs from exposure to these agents. This review attempts to fill these deficiencies in the literature by comparing the cytology and ontogeny of the LC, as well as the endocrine and paracrine regulation of both normal and tumorigenic LCs. In addition, the pathology of LCTs in rodents and humans is compared, compounds that induce LC hyperplasia or tumors are enumerated, and the human relevance of chemical-induced LCTs is discussed. There are plausible mechanisms for the chemical induction of LCTs, as typified by agonists of estrogen, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), and dopamine receptors, androgen receptor antagonists, and inhibitors of 5alpha-reductase, testosterone biosynthesis, and aromatase. Most of these ultimately involve elevation in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and/or LC responsiveness to LH as proximate mediators. It is expected that further work will uncover additional mechanisms by which LCTs may arise, especially the role of growth factors in modulating LC tumorigenesis. Regarding human relevance, the pathways for regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-testis (HPT) axis of rats and humans are similar, such that compounds that either decrease testosterone or estradiol levels or their recognition will increase LH levels. Hence, compounds that induce LCTs in rats by disruption of the HPT axis pose a risk to human health, except for possibly two classes of compounds (GnRH and dopamine agonists). Because GnRH and prolactin receptors are either not expressed or are expressed at very low levels in the testes in humans, the induction of LCTs in rats by GnRH and dopamine agonists would appear not to be relevant to humans; however, the potential relevance to humans of the remaining five pathways of LCT induction cannot be ruled out. Therefore, the central issue becomes what is the relative sensitivity between rat and human LCs in their response to increased LH levels; specifically, is the proliferative stimulus initiated by increased levels of LH attenuated, similar, or enhanced in human vs. rat LCs? There are several lines of evidence that suggest that human LCs are quantitatively less sensitive than rats in their proliferative response to LH, and hence in their sensitivity to chemically induced LCTs. This evidence includes the following: (1) the human incidence of LCTs is much lower than in rodents even when corrected for detection bias; (2) several ...

show abstract

Section: A Human Incidence Of Lctsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rodent Leydig Cell Tumorigenesis: A Review of the Physiology, Pathology, Mechanisms, and Relevance to Humans

Cook

Klinefelter

Hardisty

et al. 1999

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

175

122

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Les métastases sont en premier lieu ganglionnaires rétropéritonéales, puis pulmonaires, osseuses et hépatiques, et peuvent survenir plusieurs années après l'orchidectomie [27,37,38].…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Les tumeurs testiculaires à cellules de Leydig: à propos de quatre cas et revue de la littérature

Tazi

Ahsaini

Khalouk

et al. 2011

Basic Clin. Androl.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Résumé Introduction Les tumeurs testiculaires à cellules de Leydig (TTCL) sont rares, elles représentent entre 1 et 3 % de l’ensemble des tumeurs testiculaires, ce sont les plus fréquentes des tumeurs des cordons sexuels et du stroma. Ces tumeurs se développent le plus fréquemment (55 %) chez les sujets jeunes de 15 à 35 ans, mais elles peuvent se voir aussi chez les enfants lors de la première décennie (20 %) et chez les hommes après 50 ans (25 %). Le mode de révélation le plus fréquent chez l’adulte est la gynécomastie, par contre chez l’enfant, c’est la pseudopuberté précoce isosexuelle. Elles posent le problème de leur diagnostic biologique devant des formes non palpables et du choix de leur traitement chirurgical en raison de la difficulté diagnostique entre les formes bénignes et malignes. Matériel et méthodes Nous rapportons quatre présentations différentes de cette pathologie dont les paramètres étudiés seront l’âge, le mode de révélation, le profil hormonal, le type de traitement et le mode évolutif. Résultats L’âge moyen de nos patients était de 37 ans et demi. Le mode de révélation était deux fois sur quatre en rapport avec une grosse bourse unilatérale, une fois pour grosse bourse bilatérale, une fois en rapport avec une gynécomastie. Dans tous les cas, la testostérone était normale ou basse et l’estradiol normal ou élevé. Les quatre patients ont subi une orchidectomie associée à une énucléation controlatérale chez un seul des patients. L’évolution était favorable pour tous nos patients, avec un recul moyen de 15 mois. Conclusion Le but de cette revue est de présenter, sur la base de quatre observations cliniques différentes et de l’analyse de la littérature, les différents aspects cliniques, biologiques, radiologiques pathologiques et thérapeutiques des TTCL.

show abstract

“…61 Most SCGSTs are benign, treated with orchiectomy or partial orchiectomy, but 10% to 20% can metastasize and lead to death within 2 years. 62,63 Kim and colleagues 64 established 5 histopathologic high-risk criteria predictive of the metastatic potential of all SCGSTs including tumor size greater than 5 cm, necrosis, moderate or severe nuclear atypia, angiolymphatic invasion, infiltrating margins, and greater than 5 mitotic features per 10 high power fields. In a recent review of 48 patients with testicular SCGST, Silberstein and colleagues 65 advocated that patients with 2 or more high-risk criteria or patients with evidence of retroperitoneal disease on cross-sectional imaging (at least clinical stage IIA disease) may benefit from early retroperitoneal lymph node dissection to prevent future disease relapse and improve cancerrelated outcomes.…”

Section: Aberrant Testicular Histologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia of the Testis, Bilateral Testicular Cancer, and Aberrant Histologies

Dhillon

Sexton

2015

Urologic Clinics of North America

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Metastatic leydig cell tumor of the testis report of three cases and review of the literature

Cited by 88 publications

References 21 publications

Rodent Leydig Cell Tumorigenesis: A Review of the Physiology, Pathology, Mechanisms, and Relevance to Humans

Rodent Leydig Cell Tumorigenesis: A Review of the Physiology, Pathology, Mechanisms, and Relevance to Humans

Les tumeurs testiculaires à cellules de Leydig: à propos de quatre cas et revue de la littérature

Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia of the Testis, Bilateral Testicular Cancer, and Aberrant Histologies

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About