Metastatic Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: Are There Associated Factors and Best Treatment Modalities?

Abstract

Giant cell tumors of bone are sometimes locally aggressive and may metastasize, although uncommonly. We attempted to identify associations of clinical and histopathologic parameters with metastasis, the longterm outcome with metastases, and the best treatment. We identified distant metastases in 24 of 470 patients with giant cell tumors during a 20-year period. The median age of these 24 patients at presentation was 26 years (range, 16-76 years), and the male:female ratio was 1.6:1, with no predilection for primary site. Metastasis occurred at a mean of 2 years (range, 4 months-11 years) after initial diagnosis. Sites for distant metastases were the lung (21 of 24 patients), scalp, calf muscle, and regional lymph nodes. The 24 patients had a mean followup of 3.5 years (range, 0-16 years

Differentially expressed genes in giant cell tumor of bone

“…Sections treated without primary antibodies were used as negative controls. Immunoreactivity was evaluated blindly by two observers, who independently assessed the immunostainings with a semi-quantitative grading system (− no staining; + weak staining in 10-30% of cells; ++ moderate staining in 31-65% of cells; +++ strong staining of more than 66% of cells) [15].…”

“…The rate of local recurrence following surgical curettage is relatively high at 18-60%, and some occasionally undergo malignant transformation [15]. Metastasis occurs most commonly to the lung, variously reported in 1-9% of cases [16].…”

Lymph node metastasis of osteosarcomas

“…Описаны лимфогенные метастазы при всех формах хордомы -клас-сической хордоме [28], дедифференцированной хордоме [29], экстрааксиальной хордоме [30]. Встречаются метаста-зы в лимфатических узлах при гигантоклеточной опухоли кости [31] и ее злокачественном аналоге [32].…”

Cytomorphology of giant cell tumor of bone in pleural fluid

“…[78] Although, it was initially regarded as a benign tumor, the potential for metastasis without undergoing sarcomatous transformation was described by Jaffe et al ., in 1940. [5] The incidence of lung metastases varies between 1 and 9.1%.…”

“…[3] The common primary sites with a predilection for metastasis include, the radius, femur, and sacrum. [578] Radiologically aggressive (Enneking stage III) GCTs are more prone to develop lung metastases. [410] Previously, only four cases of metastatic pulmonary GCT have been diagnosed on aspiration cytology.…”