Metamorfoses da Questão Geracional: O Problema da Incorporação dos Jovens na Dinâmica Social

Abstract

Varias generaciones viven en el mismo tiempo cronológico. Pero como el único tiempo verdadero es el tiempo vivencial, se puede decir propiamente que todas viven en un tiempo interior que, en lo cualitativo, es plenamente diferente a los otros (Mannheim, 1993(Mannheim, [1928:200). INTRODUÇÃO Karl Mannheim apresentou, em 1928, uma seminal (e ainda atual) discussão sobre "o problema das gerações", que o tomava como dimensão central de qualquer teoria da mudança social. Em suas palavras, o tema era "um dos guias indispensáveis para a compreensão da estrutura dos movimentos sociais e intelectuais" (Mannheim, 1928:522) 1 , "sem cujo esclarecimento não é possível compreender a história em seu devir" (ibidem:565) 2 . Seu interesse residia tanto nos mecanismos pelos quais as sociedades incorporam as novas gerações na vida coletiva, procurando transferir a elas a herança cultural e simbóli-http://dx

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“…Today in Brazil, a significant group of authors 3,[5][6][7][8] consider the relationship between school and work as a fundamental element to understand important dimensions of our social inequality. Among the debates around the juvenile condition, we will address the problem of "transition to the adult life", more specifically the relationship between school and work in the scope of complex, difficult and unequal processes of social insertion of the youth in Brazil.…”

“…In contrast, those who accomplish the insertion in the world of work mediated by the school education, not only tend to have a more secure and distinct first social insertion but also conquer, thenceforth, a space to improve it throughout their working careers. 5 If the right to education started to be effective and massively extended to the whole of Brazilian youth just 50 years ago, with emphasis on the last 20 years, this means that the school has entered in the process of our youths' transition to adult life only recently. Even so, it is necessary to highlight the fact that, according to Cardoso, one regime of transition does not immediately substitute the other, but there is, for sure, a "sliding", a juxtaposition of regimes, where the old model of intensive exploitation of youths' work recreates itself on a new basis.…”

“…Changes on productive sphere that affected the dynamics of the labour market, and, in special, the base of the occupational pyramid, extinguishing the jobs of "entrance" 4 2. Coexistence with another demographic wave parallel to the young wave, 5 constituted by those who found themselves, in the nineties, at the peak of their productive capacity 6 3. Poor quality of the labour market, with underpaid jobs, few guarantees and long working hours.…”

“…Those unqualified Jobs through which the youths enter in the world of work5 Demographic tendency to the growing of the youth population, giving the country an "age bonus" regarding the capacity of development and production 6. The youths who attempted to enter the labour market had to face the ones who were already established on more stable bases.…”