Metamaterial‐Enabled and Microwave Circuit Integrated Wearable Antennas for Off‐Body Communications

Jiang, Zhi Hao; Yue, Taiwei; Werner, Douglas H.

doi:10.1002/9781119082910.ch2

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Due to the presence of the human body, wearable antenna design is very complicated; antennas must meet electrical (bandwidth, radiation efficiency, gain), mechanical (low profile, flexible, lightweight), manufacturing (low cost, simple structure), and safety requirements (specific absorption rate (SAR) below the worldwide standard limits) [ 2 , 3 ] to be applicable in Internet of Things (IoT) wearable devices. Furthermore, in order to estimate the applicability of antennas for body-worn wireless devices, the antenna parameters and characteristics need to be studied both in free space and on the human body [ 4 ]. Several types of flexible wearable antennas for embedding into garments or accessories have been presented that fully or partially meet the design requirements: patch antennas [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], textile slotted waveguide antennas [ 11 ], monopole textile antennas [ 12 , 13 ], and fully-textile loop antennas [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Antennas for Sensor Networks and IoT Applications: Evaluation of SAR and Biological Effects

Atanasov

Atanasova

Angelova

et al. 2022

Sensors

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In recent years, there has been a rapid development in the wearable industry. The growing number of wearables has led to the demand for new lightweight, flexible wearable antennas. In order to be applicable in IoT wearable devices, the antennas must meet certain electrical, mechanical, manufacturing, and safety requirements (e.g., specific absorption rate (SAR) below worldwide limits). However, the assessment of SAR does not provide information on the mechanisms of interaction between low-intensity electromagnetic fields emitted by wearable antennas and the human body. In this paper, we presented a detailed investigation of the SAR induced in erythrocyte suspensions from a fully textile wearable antenna at realistic (net input power 6.3 mW) and conservative (net input power 450 mW) conditions at 2.41 GHz, as well as results from in vitro experiments on the stability of human erythrocyte membranes at both exposure conditions. The detailed investigation showed that the 1 g average SARs were 0.5758 W/kg and 41.13 W/kg, respectively. Results from the in vitro experiments demonstrated that the short-term (20 min) irradiation of erythrocyte membranes in the reactive near-field of the wearable antenna at 6.3 mW input power had a stabilizing effect. Long-term exposure (120 min) had a destabilizing effect on the erythrocyte membrane.

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