Wearable Antennas for Sensor Networks and IoT Applications: Evaluation of SAR and Biological Effects

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a rapid development in the wearable industry. The growing number of wearables has led to the demand for new lightweight, flexible wearable antennas. In order to be applicable in IoT wearable devices, the antennas must meet certain electrical, mechanical, manufacturing, and safety requirements (e.g., specific absorption rate (SAR) below worldwide limits). However, the assessment of SAR does not provide information on the mechanisms of interaction between low-intensity electromagnetic fields emitted by wearable antennas and the human body. In this paper, we presented a detailed investigation of the SAR induced in erythrocyte suspensions from a fully textile wearable antenna at realistic (net input power 6.3 mW) and conservative (net input power 450 mW) conditions at 2.41 GHz, as well as results from in vitro experiments on the stability of human erythrocyte membranes at both exposure conditions. The detailed investigation showed that the 1 g average SARs were 0.5758 W/kg and 41.13 W/kg, respectively. Results from the in vitro experiments demonstrated that the short-term (20 min) irradiation of erythrocyte membranes in the reactive near-field of the wearable antenna at 6.3 mW input power had a stabilizing effect. Long-term exposure (120 min) had a destabilizing effect on the erythrocyte membrane.

A New Compact Triple-Band Triangular Patch Antenna for RF Energy Harvesting Applications in IoT Devices

“…SAR calculations were performed on 10 g of tissue volume (ICNIRP). The SAR standard safety level is 2 W/kg for 10 g of tissue [ 36 ].…”

“…The arm is modelized in cylindrical form on CST software [ 37 ]. The input power of 100 mW is the maximum authorized for wearable applications [ 36 ].…”

A Survey – Wearable Antenna Techniques and its Applications

“…Wearable antennas must satisfy certain electrical, mechanical, manufacturing, and safety standards for IoT wearable devices. Atanasov et al, [11] proposed studying SAR produced in erythrocyte suspensions by textile wearable antennas. The outcomes of in vitro investigations were on the stability of human erythrocyte membranes under both exposure scenarios.…”

Sağlık 4.0’ın Benimsenmesinin Önündeki Engellerin AHP ve AAS Yöntemleri ile Değerlendirilmesi

“…Özellikle, platform, cihazların ve hizmetlerin entegrasyonu için gelişmiş bağlantı ve değiştirilebilirlik özelliklerine sahip açık platform tabanlı bir akıllı ilaç kutusu (iMedBox) içerir; pasif radyo frekansı tanımlama (RFID) ile etkinleştirilebilen iletişim özelliğine ve fonksiyonel malzemeler tarafından etkinleştirilen çalıştırma özelliğine sahip akıllı farmasötik ambalaj (iMedPack); ve son teknoloji mürekkep püskürtmeli baskı teknolojisi ve çip üzerindeki sistem tarafından sağlanan esnek ve giyilebilir biyo-tıbbi sensör cihazı (Bio-Patch) geliştirilmiştir. E-sağlık alanındaki diğer çalışmalara yaşlı insanların her ortamda sağlık durumlarıyla ilgili gözlem sistemleri (Hossain, 2016: 15), yaşlı insanlar veya engelliler için düşmeleri algılayıcı sistemler (Mccreery ve Han 2014;Ramesh vd., 2014;Felisberto vd., 2014;Magaña vd., 2014), belirli saatlerde fazla morötesi ışınlarına maruz kalan insanları uyarıcı sistemler (Anonim, 2015) örnek verilebilir. Elementler, aşılar ve ilaçlar için medikal soğutucularda Toğrul (2015), kapalı döngü tedarik zinciri yöntemi ve önemi anlatılmaktadır.…”