Metals in Wine—Impact on Wine Quality and Health Outcomes

Abstract

Metals in wine can originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources, and its concentration can be a significant parameter affecting consumption and conservation of wine. Since metallic ions have important role in oxide-reductive reactions resulting in wine browning, turbidity, cloudiness, and astringency, wine quality depends greatly on its metal composition. Moreover, metals in wine may affect human health. Consumption of wine may contribute to the daily dietary intake of essential metals (i.e., copper, iron, and zinc) but can also have potentially toxic effects if metal concentrations are not kept under allowable limits. Therefore, a strict analytical control of metal concentration is required during the whole process of wine production. This article presents a critical review of the existing literature regarding the measured metal concentration in wine, methods applied for their determination, and possible sources, as well as their impact on wine quality and human health. The main focus is set on aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc, as these elements most often affect wine quality and human health.

Poultry Consumption and Arsenic Exposure in the U.S. Population

“…Consistent with a growing body of literature establishing diet as an unregulated yet important source of arsenic exposure in the U.S. population Tariba 2011), our results indicate that the use of arsenicals in poultry production resulted in arsenic exposure to poultry consumers as measured in elevated urine total arsenic and DMA. Historical seasonal use of nitarsone in turkey production and year-round use of roxarsone in chicken production may represent an important source of chronic arsenic exposure in the U.S. population.…”

“…Specifically, rice, wine, juices, and cereals contribute to iAs exposure, and rice can also contribute to DMA exposure, whereas seafood contributes to low-toxicity organic arsenicals (Davis et al 2012;Jackson et al 2012;Navas-Acien et al 2011;Schoof et al 1999;Tariba 2011). Contamination of rice, grain, and grape products is likely attribu table to the historical application of arsenic-based pesticides, naturally occurring ground water and soil contamination, and particularly for rice, the accumulation and deposition of arsenic into the rice grain (Carey et al 2012;Chen et al 2015;Robinson et al 2007;Tariba 2011;Wilson et al 2012). There are also some reports of poultry waste being used to fertilize rice paddies and roxarsone potentially contributing to iAs in the rice (Alter v. Pfizer Inc. 2012).…”

Reproductive Toxicity of Metals in Men

“…Environmental lead exposure has dropped in recent decades thanks to the dominant use of unleaded petrol and the ban of lead-based paint and lead solder in food cans. The general population can be exposed to lead in food and drinks, including lead-contaminated folk remedies (30)(31)(32), drinking water (33), and wine (15)(16). Strongly acidic beverages (such as wine, fruit juices, and soft drinks) and food can be contaminated with lead if stored or served in leaded crystal glassware or lead-glazed ceramics.…”

“…Cigarette smoke contains about 30 metals, of which cadmium, arsenic, and lead are in the highest concentrations, and cadmium body burden in smokers is about double that of non-smokers (14). Alcoholic beverages including wine can be contaminated with metals in concentrations exceeding the allowable limits and causing toxic effects, particularly in heavy drinkers (15)(16)(17).…”

Optimization and Validation of a Microwave Digestion Method for Multi-element Characterization of Vranec Wines

“…produced from different materials (aluminum, brass, stainless steel) used for handling and storing of wine is a source of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Zn (Castiñeira Gómez et al 2004;Lara et al 2005;Pohl 2007;Cheng and Liang 2012;Volpe et al 2009;Tariba 2011;Hopfer et al 2013).…”