Metallic Nanoparticles for the Modulation of Tumor Microenvironment; A New Horizon

Abstract

Cancer is one of the most critical human challenges which endangers many people’s lives every year with enormous direct and indirect costs worldwide. Unfortunately, despite many advanced treatments used in cancer clinics today, the treatments are deficiently encumbered with many side effects often encountered by clinicians while deploying general methods such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, or a combination thereof. Due to their low clinical efficacy, numerous side effects, higher economic costs, and relatively poor acceptance by patients, researchers are striving to find better alternatives for treating this life-threatening complication. As a result, Metal nanoparticles (Metal NPs) have been developed for nearly 2 decades due to their important therapeutic properties. Nanoparticles are quite close in size to biological molecules and can easily penetrate into the cell, so one of the goals of nanotechnology is to mount molecules and drugs on nanoparticles and transfer them to the cell. These NPs are effective as multifunctional nanoplatforms for cancer treatment. They have an advantage over routine drugs in delivering anticancer drugs to a specific location. However, targeting cancer sites while performing anti-cancer treatment can be effective in improving the disease and reducing its complications. Among these, the usage of these nanoparticles (NPs) in photodynamic therapy and sonodynamic therapy are notable. Herein, this review is aimed at investigating the effect and appliances of Metal NPs in the modulation tumor microenvironment which bodes well for the utilization of vast and emerging nanomaterial resources.

The effect of GdYVO4:Eu3+ nanocrystals on the intercellular adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro

“…In particular, such an effect was described in the literature for gold, iron, and silver nanoparticles in experiments on cell cultures in vitro (Sau & Goia, 2012;Shang et al, 2014;Sabourian et al, 2020). Basically, the detected effect is coherent with the data that metal-based nanocrystals are able to inhibit the division and migration of some mammalian cells (Ye et al, 2020;Shariatzadeh et al, 2022;Xu et al, 2022).The revealed decrease in the amount of cytoplasmic calreticulin and the increase in the content of surface reticulin may be a consequence of the activation of calreticulin transport to the outer surface of the plasma membrane by vesicular transport, which is well described in the literature as one of the variants of in vitro cell responses to stress, in particular to the effect of various toxicants and metal-based nanoparticles (Owusu et al, 2018;Abdullah et al, 2022;Jody et al, 2022). The detected decrease in the content of free calcium in the cytoplasm and the increase in protein-bound calcium in the extracellular space may be a consequence of the activation of the system of calcium active transport in cells -calcium ATPases, the intensity of which, as known, depends on the physicochemical state of the plasma membrane (Leroueil et al, 2007;Palmgren & Morsomme, 2019), which can change when GdYVO 4 :Eu 3+ nanocrystals contact with the plasma membrane or pass through it (Jiménez-Jiménez et al, 2020;Yaman et al, 2020).…”

Nanoparticles for oral delivery: targeted therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

“…122,123 Therefore, metallic NPs are currently utilized in various fields including diagnostic, therapeutic, and drug delivery potential. 124–126 Recently, metallic NPs are gaining increased attention in colon-targeted DDSs in IBD therapy. 127 Additionally, gold NPs are well naturally candidates to treat inflammatory diseases, including IBD, due to their intrinsic anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.…”

Quinoline–hydrazone hybrids as dual mutant EGFR inhibitors with promising metallic nanoparticle loading: rationalized design, synthesis, biological investigation and computational studies

“…[79][80][81][82] Moreover, metallic NPs can detect and attack the heterogeneous crowd of tumors and modulate the tumor microenvironment. 83 Thus, drug-loaded metallic NPs can provide synergistic effects on cancer cells.…”