Metallic Health Risk through Consumption of Different Rice Varieties Cultivated in Industrial Wastewater Irrigated Farmers’ Fields of Bhaluka Area, Bangladesh

Abstract

A study was conducted to assess metallic health risk for population through consumption of rice grown in industrial wastewater irrigated sites of Bhaluka area, Mymensingh. Total 9 rice samples of 3 different varieties (BR-28, BR-29 and Kalozira) were collected directly from the farmers’ fields of the area and analysed for this study. The mean concentration of Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Mn and Fe in rice grains, straw and husk of different rice varieties were 54.46, 12.56, 5.45, 8.01, 1.37, 14.82 and 94.1 µg g-1; 74.70, 8.38, 5.11, 6.29, 1.17, 594 and 7951 µg g-1, and 112.8, 0.60, 0.68, 3.98, 1.29, 214 and 6568 µg g-1, respectively. Present study results revealed that Cr, Cu and Ni accumulation pattern in rice followed the sequence as grain> straw> husk; Fe and Mn exhibited the order as straw> husk> grain while Zn and Cd showed the sequence as husk> straw> grain and grain> husk> straw, respectively. As regards to varieties, Cr, Cu, Ni and Cd accumulation pattern followed the sequence as Kalozira> BR-29> BR-28, while Zn, Mn and Fe exhibited the order as BR-28> BR-29> Kalozira, BR-29> BR-28> Kalozira and Kalozira> BR-28> BR-29, respectively. As regards to fodder, only Cd contents in straw and husk seem to be harmful for animal health. In context of human health, the calculated target hazard quotient (THQ) values for Cr and Cd of all varieties ranged from 16.12-35.44 and 5.04-11.67, respectively for both male and female, and the same values for Mn surpassed 5.0 for female in 6 sites and for male in 4 sites indicate that the exposed populations are unsafe. Finally, the study concluded that peoples should avoid consumption of rice grown in industrial wastewater irrigated agricultural fields of Bhaluka area until proper remediation strategies along with fresh water irrigation are introduced.

Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazards of potentially toxic elements in commonly consumed rice cultivars in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

“…All of the rice cultivars in this study (except Basmati, Kaligira and Chinigura) have a Cr concentration below the MAC of 1.0 mg/kg [ 29 ]. Zakir et al [ 34 ] observed higher Cr content (10–15 mg/kg) in the rice cultivars obtained from the rice fields of Bhaluka area, Mymensingh, where industrial wastewater was used for irrigation. The differences from the findings of this study could be due to their use of industrial wastewater for irrigation that may have high Cr content.…”

Metal and Pesticide Assessments of Imported and Locally Cultivated Rice (Oryza sativa) in Senegal

“…The presence of Pb and As in rice is different from one source to another [11]. Studies by Naseri et al [10] showed certain amounts of Pb and Cd in local and imported rice grains sold in Shiraz, Lebanon [1]. The presence of Cd may be due to the nature of the soil, fertilizers used, and the quality of the irrigation water [3].…”

“…The total production of local paddy rice was estimated at one million tonnes in 2018 compared with 559 tonnes in 2015, which demonstrates an increase of 102% in the past five years. Rice is the main food product consumed in Senegal and has been an important source of heavy metals through absorption effects [10]. Although numerous studies have shown the heavy metal contamination of rice in different countries [11], information is lacking regarding heavy metal contaminants in the rice consumed in Africa [12].…”

Human health risk ​and receptor model-oriented sources of heavy metal pollution in commonly consume vegetable and fish species of high Ganges river floodplain agro-ecological area, Bangladesh

“…Vegetables encompass both vital and non-vital metals over a great variety of concentrations during manufacturing, harvesting, transportation, and selling ( Haque et al., 2021 ), which is enough to create severe health hazards to both animals and humans due to consuming these metals contaminated vegetables ( Sankar et al., 2006 ) Fish and vegetables are the two key food items, which regularly consumed by the Bangladeshi people. Numerous studies ( Aysha et al., 2017 ; Haque et al., 2018 ; Zakir et al., 2020 ) found a high concentration of diverse toxic metals in those foodstuffs. Various diseases may perhaps develop due to the consumption of metals and metalloids contaminated food items by the reduction in immunological defenses, reduced psychological behavior, malnutrition-related illness, and a high occurrence of upper digestive tract ( Zakir et al., 2020 ).…”

“…Numerous studies ( Aysha et al., 2017 ; Haque et al., 2018 ; Zakir et al., 2020 ) found a high concentration of diverse toxic metals in those foodstuffs. Various diseases may perhaps develop due to the consumption of metals and metalloids contaminated food items by the reduction in immunological defenses, reduced psychological behavior, malnutrition-related illness, and a high occurrence of upper digestive tract ( Zakir et al., 2020 ). Metals and metalloids cannot be degraded or destroyed; they can alter their chemical forms ( Martí-Cid et al., 2008 ).…”