Metal‐Oxide Nanoparticles for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Sauvage, Frédéric; Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja; Grätzel, Michaël

doi:10.1002/9783527654864.ch13

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…While conductive layers can be inorganic, such as for transparent conductive oxides, in this section, we briefly survey the current state of art of printing of inorganic nanoparticles as functional components of different electronic, and intriguingly, non-electronic devices. Inorganic nanoparticles offer prospects for or current applications in quantum-dot based light-emitting diodes (QDLEDs), [185][186][187] organic-inorganic hybrid material based LEDs, 188,189 solar cells, [190][191][192] gas sensors, 193 photovoltaics [194][195][196] and biosensors. 197 We have briefly discussed the sintering of nanoparticles in section 3.…”

Section: Semiconducting and Insulating Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments and directions in printed nanomaterials

et al. 2015

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In this review, we survey several recent developments in printing of nanomaterials for contacts, transistors, sensors of various kinds, light-emitting diodes, solar cells, memory devices, and bone and organ implants. The commonly used nanomaterials are classified according to whether they are conductive, semiconducting/insulating or biological in nature. While many printing processes are covered, special attention is paid to inkjet printing and roll-to-roll printing in light of their complexity and popularity. In conclusion, we present our view of the future development of this field.

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Section: Semiconducting and Insulating Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments and directions in printed nanomaterials

et al. 2015

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“…Metal-oxide nanoparticles have been extensively studied both experimentally and theoretically as electron-transfer agents, predominantly in relation to their potential applications in dye-sensitized solar cells. − Although the majority of these studies have focused on TiO 2 , , ZnO nanomaterials have also generated widespread attention due to their optical properties, thermal stability, and high specific surface area, which is a key factor for dye adsorption. , In contrast, experimental studies of proton transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in metal-oxide nanoparticles are rare. Understanding the role of protons in these systems, however, is crucial for the design of catalysts to facilitate important transformations such as water oxidation, dioxygen reduction, CO 2 to methanol conversion, C–H activation, dinitrogen reduction, and a variety of other transformations involving the net transfer of multiple electrons and protons. − …”

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confidence: 99%

Role of Proton Diffusion in the Nonexponential Kinetics of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer from Photoreduced ZnO Nanocrystals

2017

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Experiments have suggested that photoreduced ZnO nanocrystals transfer an electron and a proton to organic radicals through a concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism. The kinetics of this process was studied by monitoring the decay of the absorbance that reflects the concentration of electrons in the conduction bands of the nanocrystals. Interestingly, this absorbance exhibited nonexponential decay kinetics that could not be explained by heterogeneities of the nanoparticles or electron content. To determine if proton diffusion from inside the nanocrystal to reactive sites on the surface could lead to such nonexponential kinetics, herein this process is modeled using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. These simulations provide the survival probability of a proton hopping among bulk, subsurface, and surface sites within the nanocrystal until it reaches a reactive surface site where it transfers to an organic radical. Using activation barriers predominantly obtained from periodic density functional theory, the simulations reproduce the nonexponential decay kinetics. This nonexponential behavior is found to arise from the broad distribution of lifetimes caused by different types of subsurface and surface sites. The longer lifetimes are associated with the proton becoming temporarily trapped in a subsurface site that does not have direct access to a reactive surface site due to capping ligands. These calculations suggest that movement of the protons rather than the electrons dominate the nonexponential kinetics of the PCET reaction. Thus, the impact of both bulk and surface properties of metal-oxide nanoparticles on proton conductivity should be considered when designing heterogeneous catalysts.

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Benzyl Alcohol-Mediated Versatile Method to Fabricate Nonstoichiometric Metal Oxide Nanostructures

Qamar

Adam

Azad³

et al. 2017

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Nanostructured metal oxides with cationic or anionic deficiency find applications in a wide range of technological areas including the energy sector and environment. However, a facile route to prepare such materials in bulk with acceptable reproducibility is still lacking; many synthesis techniques are still only bench-top and cannot be easily scaled-up. Here, we report that the benzyl alcohol (BA)-mediated method is capable of producing a host of nanostructured metal oxides (MO, where M = Ti, Zn, Ce, Sn, In, Ga, or Fe) with inherent nonstoichiometry. It employs multifunctional BA as a solvent, a reducing agent, and a structure-directing agent. Depending on the oxidation states of metal, elemental or nonstoichiometric oxide forms are obtained. Augmented photoelectrochemical oxidation of water under visible light by some of these nonstoichiometric oxides highlights the versatility of the BA-mediated synthesis protocol.

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Metal‐Oxide Nanoparticles for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Cited by 3 publications

References 129 publications

Recent developments and directions in printed nanomaterials

Recent developments and directions in printed nanomaterials

Role of Proton Diffusion in the Nonexponential Kinetics of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer from Photoreduced ZnO Nanocrystals

Benzyl Alcohol-Mediated Versatile Method to Fabricate Nonstoichiometric Metal Oxide Nanostructures

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