Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Development of Biosensors: A Current Overview

Abstract

This review focuses on the fabrication of biosensors using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as recognition and/or transducer elements. A brief introduction discussing the importance of the development of new biosensor schemes is presented, describing these coordination polymers, their properties, applications, and the main advantages and drawbacks for the final goal. The increasing number of publications regarding the characteristics of these materials and the new micro- and nanofabrication techniques allowing the preparation of more accurate, robust, and sensitive biosensors are also discussed. This work aims to offer a new perspective from the point of view of materials science compared to other reviews focusing on the transduction mechanism or the nature of the analyte. A few examples are discussed depending on the starting materials, the integration of the MOF as a part of the biosensor and, in a deep detail, the fabrication procedure.

Metal-organic frameworks for virus detection

“…Functional modifications of MOF (post-synthetic modification (PSM), post-synthetic deprotection (PSD), and post-synthetic exchange (PSE)) have also been explored and developed ( Ali Akbar Razavi and Morsali, 2019 ; Allendorf et al, 2009 ; Liu et al, 2012 ; Sun and Zhou, 2015 ). MOFs with advantages of large specific surface area, high porosity, fluorescence quenching, high loading efficiency, easy functionalization, and tunable pore size ( Agostoni et al, 2015 ; Li et al, 1999 ; Rowsell and Yaghi, 2004 ) have gained considerable attention in many aspects, such as adsorption ( Ghanbari et al, 2020 ), separation ( Tang and Tanase, 2020 ), catalysis ( Li et al, 2019a ), energy storage ( Li et al, 2020a ), biosensing and bioimaging ( Carrasco, 2018 ; Li et al, 2020b ; Wang, 2017 ; Yang et al, 2019a ), drug delivery ( He et al, 2019b ; Wang et al, 2020a , Wang et al, 2020b ; Wu and Yang, 2017 ; Yang et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2020a ; Zhong et al, 2019 ), cancer immunotherapy ( Zhong et al, 2019 ; Zhong and Sun, 2020 ), etc. Among them, biosensing is a promising direction with the following advantages: (1) large specific surface areas and high porosity for probe adsorption and fluorescence quenching ( Luo et al, 2020b ); (2) adjustable pores with particular shape and sizes via building blocks with different lengths ( Deng et al, 2012 ); (3) the selectivity enabled by the specific pore size allowing small molecules enter while excluding large molecules ( Guo et al, 2015 ); (4) the abundant functional groups and positively charged metal ions provide various interactions, such as electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking for adsorption of fluorophore-labeled probes ( Zhang et al, 2014a ); ( Fig.…”

Reduced Graphene Oxide/Pt Nanoparticles/Zn‐MOF‐74 Nanomaterial for a Glucose Biosensor Construction

“…The rGO is a low‐cost nanomaterial and has lower cost, high surface area to volume ratio, good mechanical strength, and excellent electrical conductivity . On the other hand, the platinum nanoparticles (NPs) can catalyze hydrogen peroxide decomposition, which releases from the bio‐catalytic reactions catalyzed by oxidoreductases, and as such, boost the sensitivity of the biosensor .…”

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Engineered Materials—Fundamentals and Applications

“…In the synthesis of MOFs, organic linkers (fumaric acid, propanedioic acid, ethanedioic acid, and benzene-1,3-tricarboxylic acids) connect the metal building blocks through coordination bonds ( Figure 2) [17]. The strength of a bond is defined as the symmetrical shape, confined geometrical arrangement, and high crystalline structure, which play a vital role in establishing the ultimate physiochemical properties of structure [18].…”

“…Coordination polymerization takes place between the precursors, resulting in a cross-linked network showing potential voids. Reprinted from Carrasco [17] an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Copyright (2018), the author.…”