Metal Indicators and Their Application

Wänninen, Erkki

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-016617-9.50012-6

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 384 publications

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“…Only the uncomplexed dye, which is not removed by acid, remains bound to the tissue. Removal of the iron, but not of the dye, can also be accomplished without a strong acid, by immersing stained slides in aqueous EDTA, which chelates iron(II1) more avidly than chromoxane cyanine R (see Sommer & Korar'ik, 1957;Wanninen, 1972).…”

Section: Staining By Iron-dye Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromoxane cyanine R. II. Staining of animal tissues by the dye and its iron complexes

Kiernan

1984

Journal of Microscopy

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K E Y w ORDS. Chromoxane cyanine R, eriochrome cyanine R, histological staining, myelin staining, nuclear staining, solochrome cyanine R, staining mechanisms, staining methods, mordant dyes, differentiation of stains. S U M M A R YThe staining properties of chromoxane cyanine R (Colour Index No. 43820, Mordant blue 3 ; also known as eriochrome cyanine R and solochrome cyanine R) have been studied.Used alone, the dye imparted its red colour to nuclei, cytoplasm and collagen. The dye was extracted by mild alkali but not by acids. Stainability required ionized amino groups in the tissue, and there was also evidence for non-ionic binding of the dye.The colours obtained by staining with mixtures of chromoxane cyanine R and ferric chloride varied with the molar iron : dye ratio and with the pH. Useful staining was seen only between pH 1 and 2. The tissues were coloured either all blue (when Fe : dye was high), or both red and blue (when Fe : dye was low). Lower pH favoured the deposition of red, higher pH the deposition of blue colour. The red was mainly in cytoplasm, blue in nuclei and myelin. Collagen fibres were red or purple, depending on pH and iron : dye ratio. Red colours were differentiated by acid and changed to blue, but not extracted, by mild alkali. The red substance in the stained sections was clearly not the free dye, so it was probably an iron-dye complex. From the effects of various differentiating agents, it was deduced that the red and blue dye-metal complex molecules were bound to the tissue by the dye moiety, not by interposition of iron atoms. Staining by the complexes of iron(II1) with chromoxane cyanine R did not involve nucleic acids or other polyanions or the amino groups of proteins. There was evidence for only non-ionic binding of both red and blue complexes. It is suggested that the red colour in sections stained by solutions with low iron :dye ratio is due to a simple carboxylate complex, [FezH(dye)]-. The blue colour would then result from withdrawal of a proton from the red complex to give [Fez(dye)I2-. The bases that remove the protons may be arginine-rich nucleoproteins of nuclei and phospholipid bases of myelin. Techniques are described for informative simultaneous staining in two colours, and for the selective staining of either nuclei or myelin. I N T R O D U C T I O N Some dyes can be used in microtechnique for several different purposes. The most important example is haematein, a hydroxyketone formed by oxidation of haematoxylin. Haematein is used in conjunction with a metal salt as mordant. The different staining effects result from variation of the metal, the composition of the solutions, the times of exposure and the conditions of differentiation. Synthetic dyes can be used in some of the applications of haematoxylin 8 1984 The Royal Microscopical Society 25

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Section: Staining By Iron-dye Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromoxane cyanine R. II. Staining of animal tissues by the dye and its iron complexes

Kiernan

1984

Journal of Microscopy

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“…Microcracks were made visible under an epifluorescence microscope. However, these dyes suffer from a number of disadvantages, such as limited aqueous solubility, high pKa value, low affinity for Ca(II) at neutral pH, and high intrinsic fluorescence . Consequently, there exists a need for improving on this technique, particularly with the aim of developing noninvasive methods for analysis of bone structures for medical diagnostics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histological, Spectroscopic, and Surface Analysis of Microdamage in Bone: Toward Real-Time Analysis Using Fluorescent Sensors

et al. 2007

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This paper describes the characterization of microdamage in bones histologically, spectroscopically, and by surface analysis. A set of fluorescent (photoinduced electron transfer, PET) sensors, bearing phenyliminodiacetate moieties as ion receptors, was used to investigate the selective labeling of microdamage in bones, which can have significant value for analysis of bone structures in humans. Scratched and unscratched surfaces of the bone were studied using fluorescence microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and EDXA. These results were compared to those using Rose Bengal dye. The overall results show that selective labeling of scratches occurred for all the fluorescent sensors, which can be attributed to the interaction of dyes via binding at free lattice sites (via the receptors), through ionic interactions with free lattice sites or by incorporation in the broken lattices. The principal mode of operation is most likely due to the binding of these sensors to Ca(II) at microdamage sites.

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Absorption and Luminescence Probes

Acree

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Absorption and luminescence probes are molecules or ions whose spectral properties depend upon the chemical nature of the solubilizing media in the immediate vicinity of the probe molecule. Probe character is generally evidenced by the appearance of new spectral bands, shifts in the absorption or emission wavelengths, or by changes in emission intensities. Probe molecules have been used to determine solvent polarity and solvent acidity/basicity, pH, microviscosity, temperature and/or presence of specific ions/molecules. When combined with fluorescence lifetime measurements, absorption and luminescence probes can provide additional information regarding diffusion coefficients in probe excimer formation, fluidity in lipid vesicles, and rates of intermolecular collisions in quenching experiments.

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Metal Indicators and Their Application

Cited by 7 publications

References 384 publications

Chromoxane cyanine R. II. Staining of animal tissues by the dye and its iron complexes

Chromoxane cyanine R. II. Staining of animal tissues by the dye and its iron complexes

Histological, Spectroscopic, and Surface Analysis of Microdamage in Bone: Toward Real-Time Analysis Using Fluorescent Sensors

Absorption and Luminescence Probes

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