“…A strong interface between brittle ceramic-matrix and ductile metal reinforcements is essential for nearly all ceramic/metal composites [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], particularly if strength improvement is required besides toughness enhancement. A weak ceramic/metal interface is conditionally desirable for the pull-out and frictionalsliding toughening mechanisms, important to crack-bridging [11,12], but should generally be avoided if long-term reliability, environmental influence, surface contact and wear resistance, important to many bio-materials and industrial applications, are key concerns to the design and processing of a metal reinforced ceramic-matrix composite.…”