Metabolomic Profiling of Fungal Pathogens Responsible for Root Rot in American Ginseng

Abstract

Ginseng root is an economically valuable crop in Canada at high risk of yield loss caused by the pathogenic fungus Ilyonectria mors-panacis, formerly known as Cylindrocarpon destructans. While this pathogen has been well-characterized from morphological and genetic perspectives, little is known about the secondary metabolites it produces and their role in pathogenicity. We used an untargeted tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based approach paired with global natural products social molecular networking (GNPS) to compare the metabolite profiles of virulent and avirulent Ilyonectria strains. The ethyl acetate extracts of 22 I. mors-panacis strains and closely related species were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Principal component analysis of LC-MS features resulted in two distinct groups, which corresponded to virulent and avirulent Ilyonectria strains. Virulent strains produced more types of compounds than the avirulent strains. The previously reported I. mors-panacis antifungal compound radicicol was present. Additionally, a number of related resorcyclic acid lactones (RALs) were putatively identified, namely pochonins and several additional derivatives of radicicol. Pochonins have not been previously reported in Ilyonectria spp. and have documented antimicrobial activity. This research contributes to our understanding of I. mors-panacis natural products and its pathogenic relationship with ginseng.

Visible Post-Data Analysis Protocol for Natural Mycotoxin Production

“…Isolated fungi were cultured at three different medium, including MEA, PCA, and PDA, at 10, 20, and 30 day culture periods for natural Alternaria mycotoxin product investigation. Six plugs of each culture plate were extracted according to the method outlined by DesRochers et al Plugs of each culture strain were extracted with 3 mL of ethyl acetate by vortexing for 5 min. Then, samples were centrifuged at 10000 g , and the supernatant of each sample was transferred to another tube.…”

Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of American Ginseng for Different Parts and Abnormal Trait Based on the Major Ginsenoside Contents and Morphological Characteristics

“…However, for the American ginseng, previous studies have only focused on the ginsenoside content of the MR, and therefore, the systematic profiles of the total ginsenoside contents of other parts are unknown. Additionally, the American ginseng plant is susceptible to disease, invasion by insect pests, and harsh environment during its growth, which may lead to the development of abnormal characteristics, such as physical deformity caused by disease and discolouration [ 23 ]. Normally, these abnormal roots are discarded.…”

Structure and Function of Rhizosphere Soil and Root Endophytic Microbial Communities Associated With Root Rot of Panax notoginseng

“…Our analysis showed that I. mors-panacis had the highest ratio in the diseased root endophyte samples ( Figure 3D ) corroborating with the findings of a previous study that presented I. mors-panacis as the main pathogen of P. notoginseng root rot ( Mi et al, 2017 ). I. mors-panacis is also the main pathogen of P. ginseng root rot ( Desrochers et al, 2020 ; Farh et al, 2020 ). P. lycopersici is also a plant fungal pathogen that causes severe root rot and root knot disease ( Errico et al, 2019 ).…”