“…Thus, appropriate monitoring and evaluation methods for impact and risk of aquaculture on the environment need to be considered [65,[168][169][170][171]. Additionally, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) are known to be valued salmonid species used in aquaculture worldwide [65,85,114,[172][173][174]. Particularly in Japan, coho salmon farming is one of the basic industries in northeastern Pacific coastal areas where the great earthquake and tsunami occurred in 2011 [173,175,176].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been applied for the detection of carotenoid metabolites [ 24 , 25 , 31 , 68 , 84 ]. In particular, LC time-of-flight MS/MS (LC-TOFMS/MS) is believed to be a useful analytical method for natural chemicals and biological compounds, such as carotenoids [ 85 , 86 ].…”
Section: Activities Of Carotenoids In Farmed Fishmentioning
Carotenoids, one of the most common types of natural pigments, can influence the colors of living organisms. More than 750 kinds of carotenoids have been identified. Generally, carotenoids occur in organisms at low levels. However, the total amount of carotenoids in nature has been estimated to be more than 100 million tons. There are two major types of carotenoids: carotene (solely hydrocarbons that contain no oxygen) and xanthophyll (contains oxygen). Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments with conjugated double bonds that exhibit robust antioxidant activity. Many carotenoids, particularly astaxanthin (ASX), are known to improve the antioxidative state and immune system, resulting in providing disease resistance, growth performance, survival, and improved egg quality in farmed fish without exhibiting any cytotoxicity or side effects. ASX cooperatively and synergistically interacts with other antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and glutathione located in the lipophilic hydrophobic compartments of fish tissue. Moreover, ASX can modulate gene expression accompanying alterations in signal transduction by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Hence, carotenoids could be used as chemotherapeutic supplements for farmed fish. Carotenoids are regarded as ecologically friendly functional feed additives in the aquaculture industry.
“…Thus, appropriate monitoring and evaluation methods for impact and risk of aquaculture on the environment need to be considered [65,[168][169][170][171]. Additionally, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) are known to be valued salmonid species used in aquaculture worldwide [65,85,114,[172][173][174]. Particularly in Japan, coho salmon farming is one of the basic industries in northeastern Pacific coastal areas where the great earthquake and tsunami occurred in 2011 [173,175,176].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been applied for the detection of carotenoid metabolites [ 24 , 25 , 31 , 68 , 84 ]. In particular, LC time-of-flight MS/MS (LC-TOFMS/MS) is believed to be a useful analytical method for natural chemicals and biological compounds, such as carotenoids [ 85 , 86 ].…”
Section: Activities Of Carotenoids In Farmed Fishmentioning
Carotenoids, one of the most common types of natural pigments, can influence the colors of living organisms. More than 750 kinds of carotenoids have been identified. Generally, carotenoids occur in organisms at low levels. However, the total amount of carotenoids in nature has been estimated to be more than 100 million tons. There are two major types of carotenoids: carotene (solely hydrocarbons that contain no oxygen) and xanthophyll (contains oxygen). Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments with conjugated double bonds that exhibit robust antioxidant activity. Many carotenoids, particularly astaxanthin (ASX), are known to improve the antioxidative state and immune system, resulting in providing disease resistance, growth performance, survival, and improved egg quality in farmed fish without exhibiting any cytotoxicity or side effects. ASX cooperatively and synergistically interacts with other antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and glutathione located in the lipophilic hydrophobic compartments of fish tissue. Moreover, ASX can modulate gene expression accompanying alterations in signal transduction by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Hence, carotenoids could be used as chemotherapeutic supplements for farmed fish. Carotenoids are regarded as ecologically friendly functional feed additives in the aquaculture industry.
“…Second, CE‐MS metabolomics revealed elevated muscle glycolysis in transgenic O . kisutch as a good biomarker for increased carbohydrate utilisation to supply energy in rapidly growing engineered salmon 100 . In the third study, 1 H‐NMR profiling demonstrated potential to aid the identification of fillet and whole fish nutritional value biomarkers important in selective breeding programmes 101 .…”
Section: Research Themes In Salmon Metabolomicsmentioning
confidence: 93%
“…kisutch as a good biomarker for increased carbohydrate utilisation to supply energy in rapidly growing engineered salmon. 100 In the third study, 1 H-NMR profiling demonstrated potential to aid the identification of fillet and whole fish nutritional value biomarkers important in selective breeding programmes. 101 In this review, these two studies presented the only evidence of potential metabolomics application in salmon breeding, an approach that could benefit industry by boosting the discovery of biomarkers for favourable traits.…”
Section: Ms Metabolomics Revealed Elevated Muscle Glycolysis In Trans...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This could be because of rising concerns for animal welfare, farmed fish nutritional value, and climate change. There is limited integration of metabolomics in salmon breeding programmes 100,101 . The use of metabolomics in breeding programmes will contribute to the accurate prediction of important production and health traits 37 …”
Section: Research Themes In Salmon Metabolomicsmentioning
Salmonids are the third major farmed finfish species after carps and tilapines, and thus contribute to global food fish production. However, as the aquaculture industry continues to grow, several challenges have emerged. Left unchecked, current problems will hinder aquaculture development. Metabolomics is one of the powerful biotechnological tools that will contribute to solving some of the pressing problems. This review aims to summarise findings and identify gaps from studies that used metabolomics in farmed salmon research. We extracted methodological information for comparison, highlighted analytical platform usages and identified most studied salmonids and sample types. We reviewed key articles to highlight the latest research themes.From the identified research gaps, future perspectives regarding potential use of metabolomics to solve issues in ecotoxicology, thermotolerance, nutrition, post-harvest quality, health and disease, and husbandry practices are provided. The survey also highlighted improvements in execution of metabolomics protocols in aquaculture.
Freshwater ecosystems have been experiencing various forms of threats, mainly since the last century. The severity of this adverse scenario presents unprecedented challenges to human health, water supply, agriculture, forestry, ecological systems, and biodiversity, among other areas. Despite the progress made in various biomonitoring techniques tailored to specific countries and biotic communities, significant constraints exist, particularly in assessing and quantifying biodiversity and its interplay with detrimental factors. Incorporating modern techniques into biomonitoring methodologies presents a challenging topic with multiple perspectives and assertions. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the contemporary advancements in freshwater biomonitoring, specifically by utilizing omics methodologies such as genomics, metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multi-omics. The present study aims to elucidate the rationale behind the imperative need for modernization in this field. This will be achieved by presenting case studies, examining the diverse range of organisms that have been studied, and evaluating the potential benefits and drawbacks associated with the utilization of these methodologies. The utilization of advanced high-throughput bioinformatics techniques represents a sophisticated approach that necessitates a significant departure from the conventional practices of contemporary freshwater biomonitoring. The significant contributions of omics techniques in the context of biological quality elements (BQEs) and their interpretations in ecological problems are crucial for biomonitoring programs. Such contributions are primarily attributed to the previously overlooked identification of interactions between different levels of biological organization and their responses, isolated and combined, to specific critical conditions.
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