Metabolite Profiling and in Vitro Assessment of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Lichen Ramalina Inflata

Abstract

Lichen, a symbiotic form of fungi and algae has been known for its metabolites, but, much of the metabolites remain unexplored. It's excellent biomedical potential with active substances are being applied for medicinal purposes for the past few years. By considering the active compounds, the present study aims at reporting the anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activities of less explored lichen, Ramalina inflata. Lichen sample was collected from Kolli hills of Eastern Ghats in the range of above 1000MSL. Further, it was subjected to extraction (Soxhlet) using five solvents and purification of bioactive metabolites. The result indicated the compounds that were present in the different extracts were found to be salazinic acid, divaricatic acid and some triterpenes. Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract showed a high zone of inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.01±0.12 mm). Petroleum ether showed the best inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus with 10.17±0.07 mm and against Candida krusei with an inhibition of 8.47±0.08 mm. Antioxidant assays of Phenolics, DPPH, Ferric reducing power assay, CUPRAC, and Phosphomolybdenum assay were done for various crude extracts. The result observed that benzene extract showed a high content of total phenolics, which was 30.790±0.903 μg/ml whereas, its percentage of inhibition in DPPH assay was 12.987%. The petroleum extract of R. inflata showed a moderate activity in ferric ion reducing power assay and molybdenum reducing assay and a very low cupric ion reducing capability. Methanol extract showed a high cupric ion reducing power with an optical density of 0.829±0.036.

Antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential of two dominant macro-lichen Dirinaria aegialita and Parmotrema praesorediosum collected from Similipal Biosphere Reserve of Odisha, India

“…Among the lichen species under the study, P. praesorediosum was found to have more antimicrobial activity than that of D. aegialita against all the pathogen tested. This finding was in line with another study that found that extracts of acetone, methanol, petroleum ether, and diethyl ether from three species of foliose lichen, Dirinaria picta, Dirinaria papillulifera, and Dirinaria applanata, had antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi using a well-diffusion method against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi [78,79]. Earlier reports also indicated that extracts of P. praesorediosum in methanol, acetone, hexane, and dichloromethane have inhibitory action against bacterial and fungal diseases [80].…”

Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Few Macrolichens Collected From Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India

“…The presence of phenols confirmed the antioxidant property of lichens and it is important to confirm the phenolic contents in order to justify their contribution to antioxidant activity 20 . The antioxidant property of lichens were already confirmed by several studies 21 .…”

An Assessment of Proximate Composition, Antioxidant Activities and LC/MS Based Phytochemical Profiling of Some Lichen Species Collected From Western Ghats of Southern Part of India

“…The results of ethyl acetate extract of P. tinctorum are supportive in agreement to the report given by Raj et al (2014). Ganesan et al (2017) found that methanol extract of Ramalina inflata (80μg/ml) was significantly lower than benzene extract (100 μg/ml) of those recorded in the fructicose lichen. The results of the present study are consistent with the report of Ganesan et al (2017), in that the antioxidant activity in the petroleum ether extract was lower than that of the other extracts.…”

“…Ganesan et al (2017) found that methanol extract of Ramalina inflata (80μg/ml) was significantly lower than benzene extract (100 μg/ml) of those recorded in the fructicose lichen. The results of the present study are consistent with the report of Ganesan et al (2017), in that the antioxidant activity in the petroleum ether extract was lower than that of the other extracts. The results of ethanol extract of U. longissima are in accordance with the findings of Aydin et al (2018) who reported that ABTS radical scavenging assay for U. longissima ethanol extract and ethyl acetate were found as 73.31 ± 0.007% at 4000 µg/mL and 54.92 ± 0.010% at 4000 µg/ml respectively.…”