Metabolism studies of the Kratom alkaloids mitraciliatine and isopaynantheine, diastereomers of the main alkaloids mitragynine and paynantheine, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography–linear ion trap-mass spectrometry

Metabolic Profile of Isocorynoxeine in Rats Obtained by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

“…The successive oxidation of DCA at C-5 formed 5-O-ICA. A similar pathway was demonstrated in the studies of Philipp et al [26] and Tyroller et al [27]. 22-G-5-O-ICA was formed by glucuronidation of 5-O-ICA.…”

Urinary metabolites of isorhynchophylline in rats and their neuroprotective activities in the HT22 cell assay

“…The metabolic pathways of indole alkaloids in vivo are related to many reactions such as hydrolysis, O-demethylation [23], glucuronidation [12,13], sulfation [24,25], hydroxylation [26–28], reduction [29] and others [30]. In the present study, three phase I metabolites ( M2–M4 ), one phase II metabolite ( M1 ) and IRN ( M0 ) itself were isolated from the urine of rats given IRN orally, and structurally confirmed on the basis of UV, NMR, MS and CD data.…”

Determination of mitragynine in urine matrices by bar adsorptive microextraction and HPLC analysis

“…The most commonly used methodologies for the determination of MG is trough centrifugation or solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis [9,12,13]. Recently, our group introduced a novel static microextraction technique, bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE) that uses nanostructured materials, and have demonstrated to be a remarkable alternative for trace analysis of medium-polar to polar compounds in aqueous media [14,15].…”