Metabolism of Chlorodiphenyl Ethers and Irgasan® DP 300

Tulp, M.Th.M.; Sundström, Gerdt; Martron, L. B. J. M.; Hutzinger, O.

doi:10.3109/00498257909038708

Cited by 65 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Use of triclosan or other antimicrobials can also destroy the beneficial bacteria which occur naturally in the environment and in our bodies [FSNET, 2000]. These friendly bacteria cause no harm but produce beneficial effects such as aiding metabolism and inhibiting the invasion of harmful pathogens [46]. Constant A.…”

Section: Triclosanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Biofilm Forming Bacterial Communities from Urinary Catheter of Patients with Change in Its Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Triclosan Effect from Different Hospitals of Amravati City Maharashtra, India

Tiwari¹,

Ghnawate²

2017

OJMM

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Purpose: Bacterial biofilm develop on the surfaces of urinary catheter and proceed to cause full blown bacterial infections and sepsis. Urinary catheters, infection rates increase with the duration of catheterization at rates of per day with virtually all of those who undergo long-term catheterization becoming infected. Also antibiotics results in the adaptation and development of resistance leading to treatment failure, prolonged hospitalization, increased costs of care, and increased mortality. Methods: In the present study total 200 used urinary catheters were studied from the different hospitals of Amravati city in 2015-2016. Different bacterial uropathogens were isolated by conventional method and biofilm formation was studied by tissue culture plate (TCP). Antibiotic sensitivity was performed by disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum biofilm eradicating concentration (MBEC) of triclosan was determined by TCP. Results: Out of total samples 93% are contaminated. Around 59% urinary catheters contain mixed consortia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be the strong biofilm forming and multidrug resistant organism. The most effective drug over seven bacteria isolates were chloramphenicol. Triclosan was used to test against the strong and moderate biofilm forming isolates the MIC of triclosan ranged between 1.5 and 1000 μg/ml and MBEC was between 800 and 3200 μg/ml Conclusions: From the study it was concluded that female are more prone to be infected with catheter associated infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be deadly caused of infection, as it is highly resistant to antibiotics. Also triclosan showed effective result on the bacterial uropathogens.

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Section: Triclosanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Biofilm Forming Bacterial Communities from Urinary Catheter of Patients with Change in Its Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Triclosan Effect from Different Hospitals of Amravati City Maharashtra, India

Tiwari¹,

Ghnawate²

2017

OJMM

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“…Because of its favorable safety profile, triclosan has been used for the past 2 decades in several dermatological preparations and oral hygiene products. Results of toxicology studies show that triclosan and its metabolites are well tolerated by a variety of species, including human beings (1,5,21,37). Triclosan is not a carcinogen, mutagen, or teratogen and has been found to be safe in reproductive studies (5,37).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results of toxicology studies show that triclosan and its metabolites are well tolerated by a variety of species, including human beings (1,5,21,37). Triclosan is not a carcinogen, mutagen, or teratogen and has been found to be safe in reproductive studies (5,37). Though triclosan was suggested to have membranotropic effects, its recently discovered principal target is enoylacyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase, a key enzyme catalyzing the rate-determining step of the elongation cycle of the type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway (14,27,39).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Triclosan as a Systemic Antibacterial Agent in a MouseModel of Acute BacterialChallenge

Sharma

Ramya

Surolia

et al. 2003

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The upsurge of multiple-drug-resistant microbes warrants the development and/or use of effective antibiotics. Triclosan, though used in cosmetic and dermatological preparations for several decades, has not been used as a systemic antibacterial agent due to problems of drug administration. Here we report the striking efficacy of triclosan in a mouse model of acute systemic bacterial infection. Triclosan not only significantly extends the survival time of the infected mice, it also restores blood parameters and checks liver damage induced by the bacterial infection. We believe that the excellent safety track record of triclosan in topical use coupled with our findings qualifies triclosan as a candidate drug or lead compound for exploring its potential in experimental systems for treating systemic bacterial infections.

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“…Though some reports on the transformation of halogenated diphenyl ether compounds by bacteria are available (21,30), triclosan itself was not metabolized by the strains tested (31) or by Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus, which can methylate several other chlorinated hydroxydiphenyl ethers (34). Several hydroxylated metabolites, as well as 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-chlorocatechol, are formed from triclosan by rats (33), while guinea pigs mostly form glucuronide conjugates (3). No reports exist concerning the degradation of triclosan by fungi.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation of Triclosan by Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus

Hundt

Martin

Hammer

et al. 2000

Appl Environ Microbiol

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We investigated the ability of Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporous cinnabarinus to metabolize triclosan. T. versicolor produced three metabolites, 2-O-(2,4,4-trichlorodiphenyl ether)-␤-D-xylopyranoside, 2-O-(2,4,4-trichlorodiphenyl ether)-␤-D-glucopyranoside, and 2,4-dichlorophenol. P. cinnabarinus converted triclosan to 2,4,4-trichloro-2-methoxydiphenyl ether and the glucoside conjugate known from T. versicolor. The conjugates showed a distinctly lower cytotoxic and microbicidal activity than triclosan did.Triclosan (2,4,4Ј-trichloro-2Ј-hydroxydiphenyl ether; synonym, Irgasan DP 300) has been used as an antimicrobial compound in deodorants (6), soaps, and dentifrices (2, 8, 36) for many years. The mode of action of triclosan has, however, remained unclear. Recently, it was shown that triclosan blocks one step in bacterial fatty acid synthesis (20,24,25). Due to its widespread use, triclosan and some of its derivatives can be detected in the environment (22,26,27). The chemical structure of triclosan is related to many compounds which are wellknown as xenobiotics, such as halogenated diphenyl ethers. Though some reports on the transformation of halogenated diphenyl ether compounds by bacteria are available (21, 30), triclosan itself was not metabolized by the strains tested (31) or by Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus, which can methylate several other chlorinated hydroxydiphenyl ethers (34). Several hydroxylated metabolites, as well as 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-chlorocatechol, are formed from triclosan by rats (33), while guinea pigs mostly form glucuronide conjugates (3). No reports exist concerning the degradation of triclosan by fungi. The white rot fungi Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus are capable of transforming diphenyl ethers, like 4-chlorodiphenyl ether, up to ring cleavage (10, 11). Hydroxylated biarylic ethers are transformed to oligomerization products by laccases secreted by these strains (13). In this paper we describe some biotransformation reactions of triclosan by the white rot fungi T. versicolor and P. cinnabarinus.The strains T. versicolor SBUG-M 1050, T. versicolor DSM 11269, T. versicolor DSM 11309, and P. cinnabarinus SBUG-M 1044 were cultivated in a nitrogen-rich (8 mM) medium. The cultures for transformation were prepared with 0.25 mM (wt/ vol) triclosan (Mallinckrodt-Baker, Griesheim, Germany) and inoculated and incubated as described previously (10, 11).Cell extracts were prepared from a 3-day culture of T. versicolor, harvested by centrifugation, and washed twice with 50 mM ice-cold Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5). Cells were broken at 1,000 lb/in 2 using a French press (SLM Amnico, Rochester, N.Y.) and were immediately resuspended in Tris-HCl buffer. The cell extracts (4 ml, approximately 5 mg of protein ml Ϫ1 ) were incubated at 30°C for 24 h with 2.88 mg of triclosan and 1 mg each of UDP-xylose, UDP-glucose, and UDP-glucuronic acid (Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany).Analysis of metabolites in culture supernatants and purification of intermediates were done by high-performance liquid ...

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Metabolism of Chlorodiphenyl Ethers and Irgasan® DP 300

Cited by 65 publications

References 40 publications

Detection of Biofilm Forming Bacterial Communities from Urinary Catheter of Patients with Change in Its Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Triclosan Effect from Different Hospitals of Amravati City Maharashtra, India

Detection of Biofilm Forming Bacterial Communities from Urinary Catheter of Patients with Change in Its Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Triclosan Effect from Different Hospitals of Amravati City Maharashtra, India

Triclosan as a Systemic Antibacterial Agent in a MouseModel of Acute BacterialChallenge

Transformation of Triclosan by Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus

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