Metabolism of Carotenoids in Salmonids. Part 3. Metabolites of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in the skin of atlantic salmon (salmo salar, L.)

Abstract

Diets supplemented with astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, respectively, and a control diet without carotenoid additions, were fed to 1 %-year-old Atlantic salmon (Salmo sulur, L.) for one year. The integuments were investigated as to their quantitative and qualitative carotenoid composition. Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin deposited m the skin amounted to 20 and 14% of the total carotenoids only. Seventy % must be considered as metabolites of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin and 10% as basic xanthophylls also present in the control groups. Astaxanthin apparently underwent the following metabolic pathway: astaxanthin-tidoxanthin-adonixanthin-zeaxanthin-tzeaxanthin 5,6-epoxides. Reduction of the 4'-carbonyl group was stereospecific leading to the (4'R)-idoxanthin. Canthaxanthin was obviously converted to p,p-carotene uia 4'-hydroxyechinenone, echinenone, and 4-hydroxy-P,P-carotene.

Phenotypic and genetic parameters of body and compositional traits in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.)

“…Mean carotenoid levels in the present material are considerably lower compared with values reported for cultured coho salmon (Iwamoto et al 1990) and Atlantic salmon (Schiedt et al 1988) of similar size. These differences could be partly due to the different sampling methods used, i.e.…”

Pharmacokinetics and Metabolized Caroteniods in Liver of Single Dose Administration in Fancy Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

“…Torrissen and Ingebrigsten (1992) recovered a high level of radioactivity in the bile of salmon fed 14C astaxanthin, suggesting a role of the liver in pigment metabolism. This is consistent with earlier findings obtained by Schiedt et al (1988) who reported that astaxanthin represented only 27% of the total carotenoids recovered. Together, the findings suggest that trout may have an efficient hepatic metabolic capacity for the conversion of these carotenoids.…”

Utilization of (3S ,3′S )-astaxanthin acyl esters in pigmentation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss )

“…The detection of idoxanthin in fish fed natural or synthetic astaxanthin confirms the observations of Schiedt et al . (1988a,b) for Atlantic salmon and Bjerkeng et al . (1997) for rainbow trout.…”

“…Racemic astaxanthin di‐palmitate was deposited in the ratio 0.4:1.0:1.0 (3 S ,3′ S ): (3 R ,3′ S ):(3 R ,3′ R ) suggesting discrimination against the (3 S ,3′ S ) form (Schiedt et al . 1985, 1988a,b). In vivo racemization of 3 H‐(3 S ,3′ S )‐astaxanthin has also been observed in the shrimp Penaeus japonicus although it was not determined whether this occurred during or after absorption (Schiedt et al .…”

“…Esterified astaxanthin is also found in the skin of salmonids and can account for up to 20% of total carotenoid in the fish (Schiedt et al . 1988a,b).…”