Metabolism, disposition and excretion of [14C]melamine in male Fischer 344 rats

Mast, Richard; Jeffcoat, A; Sadler, Brian M.; Kraska, Richard C.; Friedman, Meyer

doi:10.1016/0278-6915(83)90216-8

Cited by 142 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Moreover, a high amount of melamine (i.e. 90%) was excreted within 24 h after the administration of a single oral dose in rats, confirming that melamine was poorly metabolized (Mast et al, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Melamine in eggs, plasma and tissues of hens fed contaminated diets

Gallo

Bertuzzi

Battaglia

et al. 2012

Animal

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A study was conducted to evaluate the excretion pattern of melamine from feed into eggs, plasma, kidney, liver and muscle of laying hens. In particular, 90 laying hens were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments and fed diets contaminated with melamine at a level of 2.5, 25 and 250 mg of melamine/kg of diet for T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. The diets were offered in six replicate boxes (five hens each) for 13 days. Eggs were collected from each group for melamine quantification on days 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 13. At the end of the experimental period, one hen per box was randomly selected and slaughtered to collect plasma, liver, kidney and muscle samples. During the experiment, feeding diets with increasing levels of melamine had no effect (P . 0.05) on weight gain, feed intake, egg production, egg weight and mortality of laying hens. The melamine in eggs increased from day 1 after melamine ingestion and reached a plateau between days 6 and 13 of melamine ingestion. At steady-state condition, the melamine egg concentrations increased (P , 0.01) with treatments, being 0.026, 0.352 and 4.631 mg/kg for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Similarly, the carryover of melamine from feed to egg increased (P , 0.05) with the levels of melamine in the diets, varying from 0.50 to 0.70 and 0.84 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The melamine was detected in plasma of all tested groups, increasing (P , 0.01) with levels of melamine in the diets (0.030, 0.266 and 4.102 mg/l in T1, T2 and T3, respectively). Melamine was not detected in kidney, liver and muscle of hens fed T1. Except for kidney sampled in the T3, no melamine concentration higher than 2.5 mg/kg, representing the maximum allowable limit set by the US Food and Drug Administration and European Union for food and feeds, was measured. The melamine resulted higher in plasma and kidneys than in the liver and muscle both in T2 and T3. The results confirmed the presence of an excretion pattern of melamine from feed to eggs and tissues in laying hens.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Melamine in eggs, plasma and tissues of hens fed contaminated diets

Gallo

Bertuzzi

Battaglia

et al. 2012

Animal

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“…excreted within 24 h. The half-life of melamine excretion in animal studies ranged from 2.7 to 4.04 h. 2,3 The levels of melamine in blood, liver, or plasma are similar. 2 The volume of distribution of melamine in pigs is 0.61 Ϯ 0.04 L/kg and is not extensively distributed to most organ tissues.…”

Section: Why Did Melamine Appear In Milk?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 The volume of distribution of melamine in pigs is 0.61 Ϯ 0.04 L/kg and is not extensively distributed to most organ tissues. 3 This study in pigs also confirms the excretion of melamine best fits a onecompartment model in which melamine has a half-life of 4.04 Ϯ 0.37 h and a renal clearance of 0.11 Ϯ 0.01 L/h per kg (approximately 27 ml/min).…”

Section: Why Did Melamine Appear In Milk?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Melamine Toxicity and the Kidney

Hau

Kwan

2009

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

322

175

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“…For cyanuric acid, the LD 50 is estimated to be 7.7 g/kg in rats [27]. Melamine has a low volume of distribution (0.61 L/kg), a half-life of 4.0 h in pigs and 2.7 h in rats, and little metabolism with substantial renal excretion of unchanged melamine [4,28]. Cyanuric acid is similarly rapidly eliminated [21].…”

Section: Chemistry and Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in 2004 and 2007, outbreaks of crystalluria and death in animals were caused by contamination of animal feeds with a combination of the stoneforming synergists melamine and cyanuric acid [1][2][3]. Early animal studies had shown stone formation and bladder carcinogenicity at high doses of melamine [4][5][6][7][8][9]. In the wake of the illness in animals, new studies suggested little toxicity of melamine or cyanuric acid when ingested individually, but showed that co-ingestion, even at far lower doses than either alone, led to crystal formation [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melamine Toxicity

2010

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Melamine contamination of infant formula in China and its health effects highlight the safety of the global food supply especially as it relates to formula-fed infants. Melamine is a widely used industrial chemical not considered acutely toxic with a high LD 50 in animals. The data available on acute and chronic human exposure to melamine have been limited and extrapolated from animal data. Pet food contamination in 2004 and 2007 showed stone formation and illness in animals when melamine was co-ingested with cyanuric acid. The recent outbreak in infants showed that melamine ingested in large doses may cause stones and illness without significant ingestion of cyanuric acid or other melamine-related chemicals. This may be due to increased uric acid excretion in infants and formation of melamineuric acid stones. Diagnosis and treatment of infants exposed to melamine requires further study. Clinical signs and symptoms in infants are nonspecific. The stones may be radiolucent and are not consistently seen on ultrasound. The use of alkalinization of the urine for treatment has been proposed, but is of unproven benefit. The FDA and other regulatory agencies have recommended acceptable levels of melamine in foods for consumption. Melamine ingestion has been implicated in stone formation when co-ingested with cyanuric acid, but will cause urinary stones in infants when large amounts of melamine alone are ingested.

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Metabolism, disposition and excretion of [14C]melamine in male Fischer 344 rats

Cited by 142 publications

References 2 publications

Melamine in eggs, plasma and tissues of hens fed contaminated diets

Melamine in eggs, plasma and tissues of hens fed contaminated diets

Melamine Toxicity and the Kidney

Melamine Toxicity

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