Metabolism by Rats of 2-Dodecylcyclobutanone, a Radiolytic Compound Present in Irradiated Beef

Gadgil, Priyadarshini; Smith, J. Scott

doi:10.1021/jf060840i

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Au also states in his declaration that he has reviewed relevant documents and studies. He ignores, however, several studies which have been published in the meantime (2002)(2003)(2004)(2005), the time between his affidavit of Dec. 10, 2002 and his recent declaration of Sept.29, 2005) which clearly show that 2-dodecylcyclobutanone is not mutagenic (Sommers 2003;Sommers and Schiestl 2004;Gadgil and Smith 2006).…”

Section: Toxicological Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The absence of genotoxicity observed in this study using purified 2-DCB agrees with the lack of genotoxic and teratogenic activity observed in previously conducted multigeneration feeding studies of laboratory animals (rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits) that used radiation-sterilized poultry containing 2-DCB as a unique radiolytic product. The quantity of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone in the feces and adipose tissue of rats was evaluated in order to determine its metabolism (Gadgil and Smith 2006). The amount of up to 11% of the total administered 2-DCB was recovered unchanged in the feces and adipose tissue.…”

Section: Toxicological Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Irradiation of Food, Current Legislation Framework, and Detection of Irradiated Foods

2010

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The review covers description of food irradiation process, the current status of global legislation background in the field of irradiated foodstuffs, and the state of detection methods up-to-date available based on physical, chemical, biological, and microbiological changes in irradiated foods. Special emphasis was put on European Standards for the detection of irradiated foods adopted by the European Committee for Standardization, CEN (known as CEN Standards). These standards concerning the correct application of different techniques for the identification of various kinds of food and food ingredients treated with ionizing radiation have been accepted by Codex Alimentarius as Codex Standards. Analytical methods are necessary to control irradiated food products, therefore making enforcement of accurate labeling regulations. Labeling will enhance consumer confidence by providing assurance of the consumer's right to choose. In addition, the knowledge of radiationinduced physicochemical changes in foodstuffs provides scientific basis for the wholesomeness estimation of irradiated foods. The technology of food irradiation is a valuable means for ensuring microbiological food safety, therefore extending the shelf-life of a wide range of foods and reducing losses from spoiling and pests. Decreasing losses is particularly essential from the global distribution and food storage point of view. Food irradiation is applicable to fresh, dried or frozen foods with the purpose of antimicrobial treatments for spices, herbs, and dried vegetable seasonings, insect disinfestations, and control of pathogenic bacteria in poultry meat, red meat, shell eggs, seafood, and sprouting of tubers and bulbs like potatoes and onions. However, the utility of the technology of food irradiation remains still controversial because of negative public and industry perception of "nuclear technology" and the wholesomeness of irradiated foods. For that reason, this review is intended to provide proper scientific information on the safety, advantages, and limitations of food irradiation compared to the existing conventional food processing techniques, legal backgrounds, including labeling regulations for identifying irradiated foods based on the detection methods. Scientifically documented information could increase the level of education and acceptance of irradiated foodstuffs by consumers, food processors, and government agencies.

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Section: Toxicological Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Toxicological Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Irradiation of Food, Current Legislation Framework, and Detection of Irradiated Foods

2010

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“…In 2006 Gadgil andSmith, 2006) carried out a much shorter study on the metabolism of 2-dDCB. Six female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered unlabelled 2-dDCB (5 mg/day) in corn oil for 5 days via gavage.…”

Section: -Alkylcyclobutanones (2-acbs) Recent In Vivo Data (Metabolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the Chemical Safety of Irradiation of Food

Flavourings¹

2011

EFSA Journal

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Irradiation (gamma rays, electrons or X-rays) is applied to foods for improving food safety and removing and reducing pests that are harmful to plants or plant products. As ionising radiation passes through food, it creates a trail of chemical transformations by primary and secondary radiolysis effects. The main reported radiolytic products are certain hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones produced from the major fatty acids in food, and some cholesterol oxides and furans. Most of these substances are also formed in food that has been subjected to other processing treatments and are thus not exclusively formed by irradiation. Furthermore, the quantities in which they occur in irradiated food are not significantly higher than those being formed in heat treatments. Since the last SCF opinion in 2003, several in vitro genotoxicity studies on irradiated foods have been published. The available data indicate that at least some 2-alkylcyclobutanones may induce DNA damage in vitro. No in vivo genotoxicity studies are available; however, a genotoxic hazard in humans is considered unlikely by the Panel in view of the plausible indirect mechanism underlying the genotoxicity of alkylcyclobutanones in vitro. Concerning other radiolytic products no new relevant toxicological studies have been reported. The weight of evidence from recent literature regarding biological effects supports the food classes and radiation doses specified in previous SCF opinion in 2003. The only new contrary evidence was indicated in publications on leukoencephalomyelopathy in cats which have been fed mainly or exclusively with highly irradiated feed. However a clear mechanistic explanation in terms of risk assessment has not been established. Considering that only a very limited quantity of food is irradiated in Europe currently, the Panel is of the view that there is not an immediate cause for concern. However, the relevance of the cats studies for human health should be clarified.

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“…In Gadgil and Smith's (2006) study, female Sprague‐Dawley rats were given 2‐DCB (5 mg/d) in corn oil for 5 d via gavage. Feces and urine were collected daily and analyzed for 2‐DCB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No metabolites could be identified in the urine samples that were derivatized with BFTSA or incubated with β‐glucuronidase. Like Horvatovich and others (2002), Gadgil and Smith (2006) concluded that most of the 2‐DCB was either metabolized and rapidly eliminated from the body or was stored somewhere other than in the adipose tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro and In Vivo Metabolism of the Radiolytic Compound 2‐Dodecylcyclobutanone

Hijaz¹,

Shrestha²,

Bossman³

et al. 2010

Journal of Food Science

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Our knowledge about the metabolism of alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs) is limited, and the lack of literature on the metabolism of 2-ACBs causes consumers to doubt the safety of irradiated foods. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the metabolism of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB) and identify any possible metabolite. The 2-DCB was mixed with rat S9 (postmitochondrial supernatant fraction) and beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C. Then, the incubation mixture was mixed with sodium sulfate and extracted with n-hexane by using a Soxhlet apparatus. The hexane extract was concentrated under nitrogen and injected into the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) machine running in selective ion monitoring mode (SIM) to measure 2-DCB concentration. The hexane extract from the in vitro and in vivo studies was also derivatized with a silylation reagent and injected into a GC-MS running in full scan mode. The average percentage of 2-DCB recovered from the test incubations was 23%, compared with 50% from the controls. The GC-MS chromatograms of the derivatized samples showed a unique peak in the in vitro test incubations and in the hexane extract of the rat feces that were given 2-DCB. This peak was later identified as 2-doecylcyclobutanol.

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Metabolism by Rats of 2-Dodecylcyclobutanone, a Radiolytic Compound Present in Irradiated Beef

Cited by 12 publications

References 24 publications

Irradiation of Food, Current Legislation Framework, and Detection of Irradiated Foods

Irradiation of Food, Current Legislation Framework, and Detection of Irradiated Foods

Scientific Opinion on the Chemical Safety of Irradiation of Food

In Vitro and In Vivo Metabolism of the Radiolytic Compound 2‐Dodecylcyclobutanone

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