Metabolism and rate of secretion of aldosterone in the bullfrog

Abstract

A study of the metabolism of aldosterone in the bullfrog was undertaken to provide a measurable metabolite for the indirect isotope dilution technique for measuring secretory rates. The rate of excretion of labeled aldosterone was considerably slower in the frog than in man and made necessary the collection of excretory products for 5 days to insure reasonably complete recovery of metabolites. The major identifiable metabolite was a tetrahydro derivative subsequently identified as 3,f-hydroxy-5,8-tetrahydroaldosterone. This metabolite was excreted partly in the free form and partly as a glucuronic acid conjugate. The pH 1-hydrolyzable conjugate of aldosterone was not detected.For the measurement of secretory rates, aldosterone-3H was injected into the dorsal lymph space and the animal placed in a bath to provide an environment of constant electrolyte composition and intake and a means of collecting excretory products. Urine and bath fluid were collected for 5 days, tetrahydroaldosterone was isolated, and its specific activity determined for the calculation of the aldosterone secretory rate. The rate of secretion of aldosterone in the bullfrog was increased by a tap water bath and by bovine adrenocorticotropic hormone, decreased by a saline bath and by dexamethasone, and unchanged by valine-5-angiotensin amide.

Bioconcentration and metabolism of pesticides and industrial chemicals in the frog

“…100) Furthermore, the species difference in the relevant enzyme activity may result in the preferential formation of these conjugates. Glu conjugates were detected for the metabolism of phenytoin in R. pipiens, 113) cypermethrin in liver homogenates of R. temporaria, 82) and aldosterone in R. catesbeiana, 118) while Sulf ones were predominant for T 3 in R. catesbeiana, 119) pyrene, 92) tetrabromobisphenol A 95) and phenols 99) in X. laevis. In contrast to the oxidation and conjugation reactions as above, other metabolic pathways have scarcely been reported.…”

“…The reductive pathways were indirectly speculated from the formation of N-acetyl products of 4-nitrophenol 99) and a 3β-OH-5β-tetrahydro derivative of aldosterone. 118) Reductive dechlorination and dehydrochlorination were known for DDT in a few species. 24,120) Both oxidative and reductive metabolism were observed in female P. kl.…”

Kinetic Studies on the Biosynthesis of Corticosteroids in Vitro From Exogenous Precursors by the Interrenal Glands of the Normal, Corticotrophin-Treated and Adenohypophysectomized Xenopus Laevis Daudin

“…Carstensen et al (1959Carstensen et al ( , 1961 reported a fourfold greater increase in aldosterone than in corticosterone pro¬ duction after stimulation by mammalian ACTH or by a saline pituitary extract in the bullfrog adrenal in vitro ; Kraulis & Birmingham (1964) reported similar results in R. pipiens. The corticosteroidogenic effect of ACTH on the amphibian adrenal has also been demonstrated in vivo (Johnston et al 1966(Johnston et al , 1967Ulick & Feinholtz, 1968).…”

“…Corticosterone and aldosterone are the major corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal glands of many species of amphibians, reptiles and birds, including the American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (Carstensen et al 1959(Carstensen et al , 1961Ulick & Solomon, 1960 ;Ulick & Kusch, 1960 ;Nicolis & Ulick, 1965 ;Macchi & Phillips, 1966 ;Psychoyos et al 1966;Johnston et al 1967;Ulick & Feinholtz, 1968), the leopard frog, R. pipiens (Kraulis & Birmingham, 1964), the edible frog, R. rugulosa (Chan et al 1969), the marine toad, Bufo marinus (Crabbé, 1963(Crabbé, , 1966, the turtles, Pseudemys cripta elegans, Chrysemys pietà pietà (Sandor, Lamoureux & Lanthier, 1965;Macchi & Phillips, 1966) and Emys orbicularis (Macchi & Phillips, 1966), the snakes, Natrix natrix (Phillips, Chester Jones & Bellamy, 1962) and Naja naja (Huang et al 1969) the chicken, Gallus domesticus (de Roos & de Roos, 1963Hall & Koritz, 1966) the gull, Larus argentatus (Macchi & Brown, 1964) and the duck Anas platyrhynchos (Sandor & Lanthier, 1963;Macchi & Brown, 1964;Whitehouse & Vinson, 1967). The present study shows that the major corticosteroids produced by the adrenal of Xenopus in vitro are aldosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, corticosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone.…”

“…Anuran adrenocortical tissue has been shown to produce aldosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, corticosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone. Species investigated include Rana catesbeiana (Carstensen, Burgers & Li, 1959, 1961Ulick & Solomon, 1960;Ulick & Kusch, 1960;Nicolis & Ulick, 1965;Psychoyos, Tallan & Greengard, 1966;Macchi & Phillips, 1966;Ulick & Feinholtz, 1968), Bufo marinus (Crabbé, 1963(Crabbé, , 1966, Rana pipiens (Kraulis & Birmingham, 1964) and Rana rugulosa (Chan, Vinson & Phillips, 1969). Stimulation by mammalian corticotrophin (ACTH) of the production of corticosterone and aldosterone has been shown in R. catesbeiana both in vitro (Carstensen et al 1959(Carstensen et al ,1961Macchi & Phillips, 1966) and in vivo (Johnston, Davis, Brown, Wright & Howard, 1966; Johnston, Davis, Wright & Howard, 1967).…”