Metabolism and Long‐distance Translocation of Cytokinins

Kudo, Toru; Kiba, Takatoshi; Sakakibara, Hitoshi

doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00898.x

Cited by 261 publications

(218 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…An excellent example is the control of shoot branching, which is regulated by the rootderived signaling molecule recently identified as strigolactone (Gomez-Roldan et al, 2008). Similarly, cytokinins have been implicated as long-distance signals that communicate the nitrogen status from the root to the shoot (Takei et al, 2001; see also Kudo et al, 2010). The signal that communicates drought conditions from the root to the shoot is widely believed to be mediated through abscisic acid (Bahrun et al, 2002).…”

Section: Foliar Mamps Induce Root Almt1 Signalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns-Triggered Root Responses Mediate Beneficial Rhizobacterial Recruitment in Arabidopsis

et al. 2012

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This study demonstrated that foliar infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 induced malic acid (MA) transporter (ALUMINUM-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER1 [ALMT1]) expression leading to increased MA titers in the rhizosphere of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). MA secretion in the rhizosphere increased beneficial rhizobacteria Bacillus subtilis FB17 (hereafter FB17) titers causing an induced systemic resistance response in plants against P. syringae pv tomato DC3000. Having shown that a live pathogen could induce an intraplant signal from shoot-to-root to recruit FB17 belowground, we hypothesized that pathogen-derived microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) may relay a similar response specific to FB17 recruitment. The involvement of MAMPs in triggering plant innate immune response is well studied in the plant's response against foliar pathogens. In contrast, MAMPs-elicited plant responses on the roots and the belowground microbial community are not well understood. It is known that pathogen-derived MAMPs suppress the root immune responses, which may facilitate pathogenicity. Plants subjected to known MAMPs such as a flagellar peptide, flagellin22 (flg22), and a pathogen-derived phytotoxin, coronatine (COR), induced a shoot-to-root signal regulating ALMT1 for recruitment of FB17. Micrografts using either a COR-insensitive mutant (coi1) or a flagellin-insensitive mutant (fls2) as the scion and ALMT1 pro :b-glucuronidase as the rootstock revealed that both COR and flg22 are required for a graft transmissible signal to recruit FB17 belowground. The data suggest that MAMPs-induced signaling to regulate ALMT1 is salicylic acid and JASMONIC ACID RESISTANT1 (JAR1)/JASMONATE INSENSITIVE1 (JIN1)/MYC2 independent. Interestingly, a cell culture filtrate of FB17 suppressed flg22-induced MAMPsactivated root defense responses, which are similar to suppression of COR-mediated MAMPs-activated root defense, revealing a diffusible bacterial component that may regulate plant immune responses. Further analysis showed that the biofilm formation in B. subtilis negates suppression of MAMPs-activated defense responses in roots. Moreover, B. subtilis suppression of MAMPs-activated root defense does require JAR1/JIN1/MYC2. The ability of FB17 to block the MAMPselicited signaling pathways related to antibiosis reflects a strategy adapted by FB17 for efficient root colonization. These experiments demonstrate a remarkable strategy adapted by beneficial rhizobacteria to suppress a host defense response, which may facilitate rhizobacterial colonization and host-mutualistic association.

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Section: Foliar Mamps Induce Root Almt1 Signalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns-Triggered Root Responses Mediate Beneficial Rhizobacterial Recruitment in Arabidopsis

et al. 2012

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“…Scha¨fer et al (2015) have shown that AG simulated herbivory by wounding and application of oral secretions, resulted in changes in CKs levels in systemic leaves as well as in roots of N. attenuata Pieterse et al 2012) and Arabidopsis thaliana plants (Scha¨fer et al 2015). Mobility of both auxins and CKs between leaves and roots has been reported (Reed et al 1998;Kudo et al 2010). Therefore it is imperative to further investigate the role of these phytohormones as mobile signals or as modulators of interactions between BG-AG plant inducible defenses.…”

Section: Aboveground and Belowground Inducible Defenses-the Role Of Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms and ecological implications of plant‐mediated interactions between belowground and aboveground insect herbivores

Papadopoulou

Dam

2016

Ecological Research

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Plant-mediated interactions between belowground (BG) and aboveground (AG) herbivores have received increasing interest recently. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ecological consequences of BG-AG interactions are not fully clear yet. Herbivore-induced plant defenses are complex and comprise phytohormonal signaling, gene expression and production of defensive compounds (defined here as response levels), each with their own temporal dynamics. Jointly they shape the response that will be expressed. However, because different induction methods are used in different plant-herbivore systems, and only one or two response levels are measured in each study, our ability to construct a general framework for BG-AG interactions remains limited. Here we aim to link the mechanisms to the ecological consequences of plant-mediated interactions between BG and AG insect herbivores. We first outline the molecular mechanisms of herbivore-induced responses involved in BG-AG interactions. Then we synthesize the literature on BG-AG interactions in two well-studied plant-herbivore systems, Brassica spp. and Zea mays, to identify general patterns and specific differences. Based on this comprehensive review, we conclude that phytohormones can only partially mimic induction by real herbivores. BG herbivory induces resistance to AG herbivores in both systems, but only in maize this involves drought stress responses. This may be due to morphological and physiological differences between monocotyledonous (maize) and dicotyledonous (Brassica) species, and differences in the feeding strategies of the herbivores used. Therefore, we strongly recommend that future studies explicitly account for these basic differences in plant morphology and include additional herbivores while investigating all response levels involved in BG-AG interactions.

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“…Furthermore, although grafting experiments have long suggested the importance of long-distance cytokinin transport, this phenomenon remains poorly understood, despite significant recent advances. Cytokinin uptake and transport have been reviewed by Kudo et al (Kudo et al, 2010) but are summarised below.…”

Section: Cytokinin Uptake and Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cytokinin and auxin have been known to play antagonistic roles in many of these processes since cytokinin was first identified (Skoog and Miller, 1957), and this has remained an important theme in plant biology (Coenen and Lomax, 1997). Here, we provide an overview of cytokinin synthesis, transport and signalling pathways, focusing on recent major advances in our understanding of the crosstalk between cytokinin and auxin, and the interactions between cytokinin and other hormones; several recent reviews have addressed other aspects of cytokinin biology (Argueso et al, 2009;Argueso et al, 2010;Kudo et al, 2010;Frébort et al, 2011;Hwang et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crossing paths: cytokinin signalling and crosstalk

2013

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SummaryCytokinins are a major class of plant hormones that are involved in various aspects of plant development, ranging from organ formation and apical dominance to leaf senescence. Cytokinin and auxin have long been known to interact antagonistically, and more recent studies have shown that cytokinins also interact with other plant hormones to regulate plant development. A growing body of research has begun to elucidate the molecular and genetic underpinnings of this extensive crosstalk. The rich interconnections between the synthesis, perception and transport networks of these plant hormones provide a wide range of opportunities for them to modulate, amplify or buffer one another. Here, we review this exciting and rapidly growing area of cytokinin research.

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Metabolism and Long‐distance Translocation of Cytokinins

Cited by 261 publications

References 71 publications

Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns-Triggered Root Responses Mediate Beneficial Rhizobacterial Recruitment in Arabidopsis

Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns-Triggered Root Responses Mediate Beneficial Rhizobacterial Recruitment in Arabidopsis

Mechanisms and ecological implications of plant‐mediated interactions between belowground and aboveground insect herbivores

Crossing paths: cytokinin signalling and crosstalk

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