Crossing paths: cytokinin signalling and crosstalk

El‐Showk, Sedeer; Ruonala, Raili; Helariutta, Yrjö

doi:10.1242/dev.086371

Cited by 197 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Isopentenyltransferases (IPTs) are the rate limiting steps in CK biosynthesis (El-Showk et al 2013) and Arabidopsis contains two classes of IPTs: AtIPT1, 3, 4-8 encode forms that use ADP/ATP as substrates whilst AtIPT2 and 9 encode forms that use tRNA as substrates (Miyawaki et al 2006). The ADP/ATP IPTs synthesise the active cytokinins iP and tZ whilst the tRNA IPTs synthesise cZ which shows limited activity in Arabidopsis (Gajdošová et al 2011).…”

Section: The Regulation Of Host Ck Metabolism and Response In Developmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of cytokinins in clubroot disease

et al. 2016

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Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) is a pathogen of Brassicaceae that causes significant reductions in yield as a consequence of gall formation in the root and hypocotyl of infected plants. The pathogen hijacks host vascular cambium development, and cytokinins are implicated in this process. This paper uses transcriptomics and metabolomics to investigate changes in cytokinin metabolism during gall formation of clubrootinfected Arabidopsis thaliana. RNASeq analysis of infected tissue showed that host cytokinin metabolism was strongly down-regulated both at the onset and late stages of gall formation. Expression of host genes associated with cytokinin biosynthesis, signalling, degradation and conjugation was strongly repressed. Analysis of cytokinin precursors, active components and conjugates by microanalytical techniques was consistent with these transcriptional responses. Two isopentenyltransferase genes associated with cytokinin biosynthesis are present in the P. brassicae genome and are expressed throughout gall formation. The impact of pathogen-derived cytokinins on the total cytokinin content of infected tissue and host gene expression was minimal in wild type plants. However, infection of ipt1;3;5;7 mutants that are severely restricted in their ability to synthesise active cytokinins led to an increase in expression of host cytokininresponsive genes. We interpret these results as indicating that P. brassicae can synthesise small amounts of cytokinin, but this has little impact on the host plant as the ipt1;3;5;7 phenotype is not rescued. Intriguingly, plasmodial development was slowed and spore viability reduced in these mutants indicating a potential role for cytokinins in plasmodial development.

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Section: The Regulation Of Host Ck Metabolism and Response In Developmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of cytokinins in clubroot disease

et al. 2016

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“…Recent studies have begun to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying auxin/cytokinin crosstalk at the levels of biosynthesis, degradation, transport, and signaling (Pernisová et al, 2011;Vanstraelen and Benková, 2012;El-Showk et al, 2013). Here, we review these recent studies together with some earlier work, focusing on the regulatory interactions that control growth and development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Yin-Yang of Hormones: Cytokinin and Auxin Interactions in Plant Development

2015

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“…Cross talk between auxin and cytokinin signaling is required for many aspects of plant development and regeneration (El-Showk et al, 2013), although how their synergistic interaction is implemented at the molecular level has not been clarified (Skoog and Miller, 1957;Chandler and Werr, 2015). Exogenous in vitro supplementation of these two hormones results in continuous cell proliferation, to form a characteristic structure termed "callus".…”

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confidence: 99%

Regulation of Hormonal Control, Cell Reprogramming, and Patterning during De Novo Root Organogenesis

et al. 2017

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Body regeneration through formation of new organs is a major question in developmental biology. We investigated de novo root formation using whole leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Our results show that local cytokinin biosynthesis and auxin biosynthesis in the leaf blade followed by auxin long-distance transport to the petiole leads to proliferation of J0121-marked xylem-associated tissues and others through signaling of INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE28 (IAA28), CRANE (IAA18), WOODEN LEG, and ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORS1 (ARR1), ARR10, and ARR12. Vasculature proliferation also involves the cell cycle regulator KIP-RELATED PROTEIN2 and ABERRANT LATERAL ROOT FORMATION4, resulting in a mass of cells with rooting competence that resembles callus formation. Endogenous callus formation precedes specification of postembryonic root founder cells, from which roots are initiated through the activity of SHORT-ROOT, PLETHORA1 (PLT1), and PLT2. Primordia initiation is blocked in shr plt1 plt2 mutant. Stem cell regulators SCHIZORIZA, JACKDAW, BLUEJAY, and SCARECROW also participate in root initiation and are required to pattern the new organ, as mutants show disorganized and reduced number of layers and tissue initials resulting in reduced rooting. Our work provides an organ regeneration model through de novo root formation, stating key stages and the primary pathways involved.Plants have striking regeneration capacities, and can produce new organs from postembryonic tissues (Hartmann et al., 2010;Chen et al., 2014;Liu et al., 2014) as well as reconstitute damaged organs upon wounding (Xu et al., 2006;Heyman et al., 2013; PerianezRodriguez et al., 2014;Melnyk et al., 2015;Efroni et al., 2016). Intriguingly, root regeneration upon stem cell damage recruits embryonic pathways (Hayashi et al., 2006;Efroni et al., 2016), whereas in contrast, postembryonic formation of whole new organs, such as lateral roots, appears to use specific postembryonic pathways (Lavenus et al., 2013).Cross talk between auxin and cytokinin signaling is required for many aspects of plant development and regeneration (El-Showk et al., 2013), although how their synergistic interaction is implemented at the molecular level has not been clarified (Skoog and Miller, 1957;Chandler and Werr, 2015). Exogenous in vitro supplementation of these two hormones results in continuous cell proliferation, to form a characteristic structure termed "callus". Callus emerges as a common regenerative mechanism for almost all plant organs through in vitro culture (Atta et al., 2009;Sugimoto et al., 2010). There is increasing evidence that callus formation requires hormone-mediated activation of a lateral and meristematic root development program in pericycle-like cells defined by expression of the J0121 marker 1 This work was supported by grants from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and FP7 Funds of the European Commission, BFU2013-41160-P, BFU2016-80315-P, and PCIG11-GA-2012-322082 to M.A....

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Crossing paths: cytokinin signalling and crosstalk

Cited by 197 publications

References 111 publications

The role of cytokinins in clubroot disease

The role of cytokinins in clubroot disease

The Yin-Yang of Hormones: Cytokinin and Auxin Interactions in Plant Development

Regulation of Hormonal Control, Cell Reprogramming, and Patterning during De Novo Root Organogenesis

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