Metabolic Syndrome Features: Is There a Modulation Role by Mineral Water Consumption? A Review

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) promotes, among others, the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Its prevalence increases with age, highlighting the relevance of promoting precocious MetSyn primary prevention and treatment with easy-to-implement lifestyle interventions. MetSyn features modulation through mineral water consumption was reviewed on Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, using the following keywords: metabolic syndrome, hypertension, blood pressure (BP), cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein, chylomicron, very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), glucose, insulin, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference (WC), obesity and mineral(-rich) water. Twenty studies were selected: 12 evaluated BP, 13 assessed total-triglycerides and/or HDL-cholesterol, 10 analysed glucose and/or 3 measured WC. Mineral waters were tested in diverse protocols regarding type and composition of water, amount consumed, diet and type and duration of the study. Human and animal studies were performed in populations with different sizes and characteristics. Distinct sets of five studies showed beneficial effects upon BP, total-triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and glucose. WC modulation was not reported. Minerals/elements and active ions/molecules present in mineral waters (and their pH) are crucial to counterbalance their inadequate intake and body status as well as metabolic dysfunction and increased diet-induced acid-load observed in MetSyn. Study characteristics and molecular/physiologic mechanisms that could explain the different effects observed are discussed. Further studies are warranted for determining the mechanisms involved in the putative protective action of mineral water consumption against MetSyn features.

Effects of tea consumption on metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials

“…It represents a cluster of multiple but interrelated metabolic features including high blood pressure (BP), dyslipidemia, raised fasting glycemia and obesity (Payab et al, 2019). All these are accounted for higher morbidity and mortalities in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular issues, type 2 diabetes mellitus, (T2DM) and certain human cancers (Costa-Vieira, Monteiro, & Martins, 2019). Therefore, more potential therapies are a dire need for the growing population suffering from metabolic syndromes.…”

Effects of Sodium Chloride-Rich Mineral Water on Intestinal Epithelium. Experimental Study

“…At present, treatments using mineral waters with a TDS greater than 1 g/L are used in balneology for digestive disorders, especially for dyspepsia [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 31 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ], bowel function alteration and constipation [ 3 , 4 , 14 , 15 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ], biliary tract dysfunctions [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 43 ], metabolic syndrome [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ], and others [ 13 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ].…”

Differential Modulation of Cancellous and Cortical Distal Femur by Fructose and Natural Mineral-Rich Water Consumption in Ovariectomized Female Sprague Dawley Rats

“…Interestingly, the majority of the statistical relevant effects of the intake of the natural mineral-rich water tested here occurred in the group with higher mineral intake from food (fructose-fed rats voluntarily ate less food than rats without access to fructose, independently of the water type) [28]. Although, the calcium content in our natural mineral-rich water is much lower than the calcium content values of waters used in other published studies [16,19], the high bicarbonate content in our natural mineral-rich water should have reduced renal calcium excretion [46,63] and ameliorated the calcium balance (a similar modulation should have occurred for magnesium [46,64]) further contributing to/explaining the beneficial impact observed on the distal femur.…”

“…We have (a) previously shown the beneficial metabolic impact of the ingestion of a Portuguese natural mineral-rich water in fructose-fed male and ovariectomized female caesarean-derived (CD) Sprague Dawley rats [28,40,41,42,43,44,45] and (b) recently reviewed the beneficial modulation of metabolic dysfunction features by mineral water consumption [46]. So, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of the ingestion of the abovementioned Portuguese natural mineral-rich water on the consequences of ovariectomy alone or combined with high-fructose consumption, in the distal femur of female CD Sprague Dawley rats.…”