Differential Modulation of Cancellous and Cortical Distal Femur by Fructose and Natural Mineral-Rich Water Consumption in Ovariectomized Female Sprague Dawley Rats

Abstract

Bone mineral density (BMD) and microstructure depend on estrogens and diet. We assessed the impact of natural mineral-rich water ingestion on distal femur of fructose-fed estrogen-deficient female Sprague Dawley rats. Ovariectomized rats drank tap or mineral-rich waters, with or without 10%-fructose, for 10 weeks. A sham-operated group drinking tap water was included (n = 6/group). Cancellous and cortical bone compartments were analyzed by microcomputed tomography. Circulating bone metabolism markers were measured by enzyme immunoassay/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or multiplex bead assay. Ovariectomy significantly worsened cancellous but not cortical bone, significantly increased circulating degradation products from C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL), and significantly decreased circulating osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin/RANKL ratio. In ovariectomized rats, in cancellous bone, significant water effect was observed for all microstructural properties, except for the degree of anisotropy, and BMD (neither a significant fructose effect nor a significant interaction between water and fructose ingestion effects were observed). In cortical bone, it was observed a significant (a) water effect for medullary volume and cortical endosteal perimeter; (b) fructose effect for cortical thickness, medullary volume, cross-sectional thickness and cortical endosteal and periosteal perimeters; and (c) interaction effect for mean eccentricity. In blood, significant fructose and interaction effects were found for osteoprotegerin (no significant water effect was seen). For the first time in ovariectomized rats, the positive modulation of cortical but not of cancellous bone by fructose ingestion and of both bone locations by natural mineral-rich water ingestion is described.

Rapamycin Alleviates Cancellous Bone Loss and Cortical Bone Porosity In Ovariectomized Mice But Not Overall Biomechanical Performance

“…suggested that for rats 10 weeks after ovariectomy, cancellous bone was damaged but not cortical bone in the distal femur [17]. It is possible that differences in the timing of intervention as well as species differences are responsible for the different results.…”

“…In addition, it is generally accepted that OVX results in cancellous bone loss. However, whether cortical bone loss or attenuated biomechanical properties occur in OVX mice is still controversial [1,3,17,[19][20][21]. Sharma et al suggested that increased vascular canal porosity in the cortical bone of OVX mice could be detected by high-resolution micro-CT [21].…”

Different Waters for Different Performances: Can We Imagine Sport-Related Natural Mineral Spring Waters?

“…are also required, as long as microbiological analyses to test the absence of parasites or pathogenic micro-organisms. If biological properties of NMSWs on different organ systems are established (e.g., urinary [53], digestive [54], respiratory [55], and gastrointestinal [56] tracts; bone [57]; and skin [58,59]), these must be confirmed by clinical and pharmacological analyses that state them as specific characteristics of each particular NMSW. Several of these parameters contribute to the classification of natural mineral waters: the 180 • C fixed residue, for example, defines the water mineral content (very low: <50 mg/L), low (<500 mg/L), medium (from 500 mg/L to 1500 mg/L) and high (>1500 mg/L).…”

Drinking Natural Mineral Water Maintains Bone Health in Young Rats With Metabolic Acidosis

“…Our previous studies showed that drinking mineral-rich water could improve bone mechanical properties, bone mineral content, and bone development in rats ( 19 ). Several researchers found that the natural mineral water exerts more good effects on the trabecular number, bone surface density, and bone volumetric fraction in ovariectomized female Sprague Dawley rats ( 20 ). Furthermore, minerals in water are lower but can be more easily absorbed by the body due to its ionic species compared with mineral supplements which are used to treat serious acidosis in the clinic.…”