Metabolic profile and behavior of clethodim and spirotetramat in herbs during plant growth and processing under controlled conditions

Abstract

Herbs may contain pesticide residues which are an important discriminator of food security and food quality. The challenge of the research was to assess the fate of the herbicide clethodim (CLE) and the insecticide spirotetramat (SPI) applied in herbs (BBCH 11-21) during herb growth and processing under controlled greenhouse trial conditions. The metabolic profile of CLE and SPI and their degradation products in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) and sage (Salvia officinalis L.) was also presented. The half-lives of CLE and SPI in herbs were 1.10–1.56 days and 0.51–0.83 days, respectively. The terminal residues of SPI (SPI-enol, SPI-ketohydroxy, SPI-monohydroxy and SPI-enol-glucoside) and CLE (CLE-sulfone and CLE-sulfoxide) in herbal matrices were measured below EU maximum residue limits. In this paper, we aimed to assess the impact of washing and dehydratation pretreatment and calculated processing factors (PFs) which can be applied to more accurate food safety assessments. The PF values of CLE and SPI after drying prior washing was below 1 indicating reduction of initial residues. Drying process without washing demonstrated increases of SPI concentrations (PF up to 1.50). The lowest PFs were obtained when raw herbal plants were washed before drying showing almost complete degradation of parent compound (93–99%).

Dissipation kinetics and processing behavior of boscalid and pyraclostrobin in greenhouse dill plant (Anethum graveolens L.) and soil

“…Data are in accordance with our previous research, where t 1/2 was in the range of 1.10 to 1.56 days for clethodim and 0.51 to 0.83 days for spirotetramat sprayed at the recommended dose on basil, www.soci.org M Jankowska, P Kaczyński, B Łozowicka wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps peppermint and sage. 45 Our findings are consistent with data published in the literature, where the dissipation rate (RL50) of BOS on and in various plant matrices ranged between 1.3 and 11.0 days, while PYR ranged between 2.7and 10.1 days (see PPDB). Fu et al 23 reported t 1/2 of PYR in bananas of 8.26 to 9.09 days, and 90% of its residues dissipated within 4 weeks.…”

“…According to earlier studies, the t 1/2 values in soil from herb cultivation after application of the recommended dose of herbicide and insecticide ranged between 2.1 and 2.8 days for clethodim and 4.1 and 4.5 days for spirotetramat, with more than 95% reduction after 21 days. 45 Similar values were obtained by El-Hefny et al 46 for methomyl residues, and the t 1/2 was 1.63 days in soil after insecticide application on tomato. The t 1/2 values for the dissipation of PYR and BOS in soil noted by Yang et al 28 were 3.4-10.0 days and 3.4-6.0 days, respectively.…”

“…47 We have previously studied washing of three different species of herbs and noted the loss of spirotetramat (solubility 55 mg L −1 ) insecticide residues from 32% to 41% (PFs = 0.59-0.68). 45 In our experiment, drying carried out in sunlight and in hot air (oven) was not effective for removal of pesticide residues from dill (PFs > 1). Kim et al 48 showed that the drying process causes vaporization of water, thus residues can be concentrated.…”

“…We also obtained concentration factors for clethodim and spiroteratamat. 45 The observed pesticide residue concentrations were probably related to evaporation after the thermal process, whereas reductions were caused by mass changes after processing. 50 Although drying conditions in this experiment were different, differences between drying carried out in a hot oven and in the sun were not substantial (PFs = 1.24-1.39 and PFs = 1.15-1.28).…”

Parkinson's disease in a worker exposed to insecticides at a greenhouse

“…They reviewed the types and amounts of pesticides used in agricultural industries. As a result, the 5 most used classes of pesticides in tomato cultivation changed from 2012 to 2016 [ 38 ]. Table 2 describes the neurotoxicity of the pesticides present in the Pesticides Properties Database provided by the Agriculture & Environment Research Unit of the University of Hertfordshire in England [ 39 ].…”