Metabolic Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids in Experimental Animals

Kochakian, Charles D.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66353-6_2

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Steroid replacement therapy by means of synthetically derived anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been employed since the structure of testosterone was identified in 1935 2, 3. The limited oral bioavailability of testosterone4 as well as the need to differentiate desired anabolic from undesired androgenic effects5 and corresponding health issues6–8 has led to the production of thousands of potential AAS,9 but only a few have been introduced for pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. A major breakthrough in alternative medications was made in 1998, when the first nonsteroidal androgen receptor (AR) agonist was prepared 10.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging drugs: mechanism of action, mass spectrometry and doping control analysis

et al. 2009

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The number of compounds and doping methods in sports is in a state of constant flux. In addition to 'traditional' doping agents, such as anabolic androgenic steroids or erythropoietin, new therapeutics and emerging drugs have considerable potential for misuse in elite sport. Such compounds are commonly based on new chemical structures, and the mechanisms underlying their modes of action represent new therapeutic approaches arising from recent advances in medical research; therefore, sports drug testing procedures need to be continuously modified and complementary methods developed, preferably based on mass spectrometry, to enable comprehensive doping controls. This tutorial not only discusses emerging drugs that can be categorized as anabolic agents (selective androgen receptor modulators, SARMs), gene doping [hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)delta-agonists] and erythropoietin-mimetics (Hematide) but also compounds with potentially performance-enhancing properties that are not classified in the current list of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Compounds such as ryanodine-calstabin-complex modulators (benzothiazepines) are included, their mass spectrometric properties discussed, and current approaches in sports drug testing outlined.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging drugs: mechanism of action, mass spectrometry and doping control analysis

et al. 2009

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“…The stimulatory effect of testosterone on the metabolism of proteins can be detected in a positive nitrogen balance with a reduced production and excretion of urea [29]. Substitution of testosterone causes an increase in the synthesis of amino acids [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of an anabolic steroid (Durateston) on testicular angiogenesis in peripubertal stallions

et al. 2015

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“…It is still to be ascertained if the renotropic activity arises from a factor different from LH or is an intrinsic property ofthat hormone. It must be emphasized that our assays with the most purified renotropin fraction were in hypophysectomized castrated animals, and any such biologic action of LH must be distinct from the known effects ofandrogens in stimulating renal hypertrophy (6). IfLH is the active renotropic factor, then this would represent an interesting case of dissociation of activity between LH and hCG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Treatment with somatotropin (GH) and corticotropin (ACTH) failed to mimic this effect. This renotropic activity was also observed in hypophysectomized castrated rats, demonstrating that the activity was not mediated solely by androgens which are known to stimulate renal growth in rats (6). In addition, human choriogonadotropin (hCG) was ineffective in restoring the renal weight of hypophysectomized castrated rats (5).…”

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confidence: 92%

Partial purification and characterization of a renotropic fraction from ovine pituitaries.

Nomura¹,

Puett²,

Nicholson³

et al. 1982

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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It has been previously established that hypophysectomy leads to renal atrophy in rats and that a crude pituitaryderived fraction is effective in restoring kidney weight to the level expected for intact animals of the same body weight. This paper reports that considerable purification ofthe crude renotropic fraction from ovine pituitaries has been achieved and that the purified fraction is capable of restoring kidney weights of hypophysectomized castrated rats to normal values. For example, after five daily subcutaneous injections (135 jig/day) there were significant increases in dry kidney weight and total renal protein and DNA. The pituitary-derived fraction was devoid of somatotropin, contained only trace amounts of corticotropin, y-lipotropin, vasopressin, and prolactin, and had only low levels of thyrotropin and follitropin. Daily injections of prolactin, thyrotropin, and follitropin in doses of 20 jig each failed to stimulate renal growth in hypophysectomized rats. Thus, it seems highly unlikely that these factors are responsible for the observed renal hyperplasia after treatment with the pituitary fraction. The purified renotropic fraction had an isoelectric pH between 8 and 9. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of detergent and a reducing agent, the renotropic fraction exhibited two major bands and one minor band with mobilities that corresponded to those of a standard lutropin preparation. The renotropic fraction exhibited considerable crossreactivity with an antiserum directed against the lutropin a subunit, suggesting the presence of the common glycoprotein hormone subunit. Moreover, the purified fraction stimulated steroid production by Leydig tumor cells in vitra It is noteworthy, however, that standard ovine lutropin at 135 jig/day failed to exhibit renotropic activity in hypophysectomized castrated rats, although effects were noted at twice that dose. It appears that the renotropic activity represents a pituitary substance that can be separated from lutropin only with difficulty.The pituitary is believed to be essential for maintaining normal kidney size because hypophysectomy leads to renal atrophy (1, 2) and prevents the compensatory renal hypertrophy that occurs after unilateral nephrectomy (1,3,4). An earlier study in this laboratory demonstrated that a pituitary-derived fraction restored the atrophic kidneys of hypophysectomized rats to the weights expected for normal animals of the same body weight (5). Treatment with somatotropin (GH) and corticotropin (ACTH) failed to mimic this effect. This renotropic activity was also observed in hypophysectomized castrated rats, demonstrating that the activity was not mediated solely by androgens which are known to stimulate renal growth in rats (6). In addition, human choriogonadotropin (hCG) was ineffective in restoring the renal weight of hypophysectomized castrated rats (5).In an effort toward final purification and characterization of the pituitary-derived renotropin, the crude renotropic fraction from ovine pituitaries h...

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Metabolic Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids in Experimental Animals

Cited by 19 publications

References 95 publications

Emerging drugs: mechanism of action, mass spectrometry and doping control analysis

Emerging drugs: mechanism of action, mass spectrometry and doping control analysis

Effects of an anabolic steroid (Durateston) on testicular angiogenesis in peripubertal stallions

Partial purification and characterization of a renotropic fraction from ovine pituitaries.

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