Metabolic cost of osmoregulation in a hypertonic environment in the invasive African clawed frog<i>Xenopus laevis</i>

Peña-Villalobos, Isaac; Narváez, Cristóbal; Sabat, Pablo

doi:10.1242/bio.016543

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…Current results together with previous studies (Peña‐Villalobos et al, 2016) confirmed that X. laevis tolerated chronic exposure to moderate levels of saltwater. The body weight of hyperosmotic‐exposed animals did not change to those acclimatized to field‐simulated salinity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Adults female X. laevis ( n = 10) were obtained from a feral population in San Antonio, a mesic coastal locality of central Chile (for a detailed description of the capture site, see Peña‐Villalobos et al, 2016). Animals were trapped in summer 2017, transported to the laboratory and randomly assigned to two salinity conditions (hypoosmotic and hyper‐osmotic, five individuals per treatment), which were simulated by altering NaCl concentration.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hypo‐osmotic (HYPO) group was acclimated up to 150 mOsm·kg −1 ·H 2 O (at a rate of 4.1 mOsm·kg −1 ·H 2 O per day); a value considered as hypo‐osmotic because X. laevis inhabiting freshwater environments exhibit a plasma osmolarity of 235 mOsm·kg −1 ·H 2 O (McBean & Goldstein, 1967). Animals were kept in these saline conditions for 40 days in starvation conditions, to restrict the input of water and ions through food (Peña‐Villalobos et al, 2016).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in salinity generally induces an increase in the metabolic cost because of an enhanced energetic demand for transmembrane ion transport, synthesis of osmoactive molecules and blood pumping. These cellular and physiological responses have been documented in several taxa including aquatic invertebrates (Fiess et al, 2007; Ramaglia, de Castro, & Augusto, 2018) and vertebrates (Jones, Johnson, & Kelly, 2019; Peña‐Villalobos, Narváez, & Sabat, 2016; Sutton, Turko, McLaughlin, & Wright, 2018; Williard, Harden, Jones, & Midway, 2019), and recently in terrestrial vertebrates (Gutiérrez et al, 2011; Peña‐Villalobos, Valdés‐Ferranty, & Sabat, 2013; Sabat et al, 2017). In the mollusk Mya arenaria , for instance, the increase of salinity affects the respiratory rate (Lasota, Sokolowski, Smolarz, Sromek, & Dublinowska, 2018) and triggers changes in mitochondrial enzyme activities that lead to alterations in energy supply (Sokolova, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Particularly, physiological adjustments of amphibians to saline stress includes enhanced urea synthesis and plasma concentration (Jørgensen, 1997). Recently, we found that the anuran Xenopus laevis acclimatized to contrasting regimes of water salinity, responded with a significant increase of metabolic rate (ca., 80%) in hyperosmotic conditions respect to animals kept in isosmotic conditions (Peña‐Villalobos et al, 2016). These metabolic changes were accompanied by an increase in plasma osmolality and urea concentration as well as higher activity of metabolic enzymes in liver and heart of hyperosmotic‐exposed anurans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of salinity acclimation on osmoregulation, oxidative stress, and metabolic enzymes in the invasive Xenopus laevis

et al. 2020

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Aquatic animals often display physiological adjustments to improve their biological performance and hydrosaline balance in saline environments. In addition to energetic costs associated with osmoregulation, oxidative stress, and the activation of the antioxidant system are common cellular responses to salt stress in many species, but the knowledge of osmoregulation-linked oxidative homeostasis in amphibians is scarce. Here we studied the biochemical responses and oxidative responses of Xenopus laevis females exposed for 40 days to two contrasting salinities: hypo-osmotic (150 mOsm·kg −1 ·H 2 O NaCl, HYPO group) and hyper-osmotic environments (340 mOsm·kg −1 ·H 2 O NaCl, HYPER group). We found an increase of plasma osmolality and plasma urea concentration in the animals incubated in the HYPER treatment.At the end of the acclimation, animals were euthanized by decapitation (Katz & Hanke, 1993), the organs were weighted and tissues (liver, heart, ventral skin, and leg muscle) were frozen at −80°C for further biochemical analysis. Blood was collected from heart using capillary tubes, then centrifuged at 12,000g for 5 min, and the plasma (8 µL) was used for osmolality measurement by vapor pressure osmometry (Wescor 5130B). The remained plasma was stored (−80°C) for further analyses. The urea concentration (mg/dl) was determined by the urease/Berthelot method using a commercial kit 334 | HIDALGO ET AL.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of salinity acclimation on osmoregulation, oxidative stress, and metabolic enzymes in the invasive Xenopus laevis

et al. 2020

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Reproductive colonization of land by frogs: Embryos and larvae excrete urea to avoid ammonia toxicity

Narvaez

Warkentin

2022

Ecology and Evolution

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Vertebrate colonization of land has occurred multiple times, including over 50 origins of terrestrial eggs in frogs. Some environmental factors and phenotypic responses that facilitated these transitions are known, but responses to water constraints and risk of ammonia toxicity during early development are poorly understood. We tested if ammonia accumulation and dehydration risk induce a shift from ammonia to urea excretion during early stages of four anurans, from three origins of terrestrial development. We quantified ammonia and urea concentrations during early development on land, under well‐hydrated and dry conditions. Where we found urea excretion, we tested for a plastic increase under dry conditions and with ammonia accumulation in developmental environments. We assessed the potential adaptive role of urea excretion by comparing ammonia tolerance measured in 96h‐LC50 tests with ammonia levels in developmental environments. Ammonia accumulated in foam nests and perivitelline fluid, increasing over development and reaching higher concentrations under dry conditions. All four species showed high ammonia tolerance, compared to fishes and aquatic‐breeding frogs. Both nest‐dwelling larvae of Leptodactylus fragilis and late embryos of Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni excreted urea, showing a plastic increase under dry conditions. These two species can develop the longest on land and urea excretion appears adaptive, preventing their exposure to potentially lethal levels of ammonia. Neither late embryos of Agalychnis callidryas nor nest‐dwelling larvae of Engystomops pustulosus experienced toxic ammonia levels under dry conditions, and neither excreted urea. Our results suggest that an early onset of urea excretion, its increase under dry conditions, and elevated ammonia tolerance can all help prevent ammonia toxicity during terrestrial development. High ammonia represents a general risk for development which may be exacerbated as climate change increases dehydration risk for terrestrial‐breeding frogs. It may also be a cue that elicits adaptive physiological responses during early development.

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Dehydration stress alters the mitogen-activated-protein kinase signaling and chaperone stress response in Xenopus laevis

Tessier

Storey

2020

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry an

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Metabolic cost of osmoregulation in a hypertonic environment in the invasive African clawed frogXenopus laevis

Cited by 18 publications

References 84 publications

Effect of salinity acclimation on osmoregulation, oxidative stress, and metabolic enzymes in the invasive Xenopus laevis

Effect of salinity acclimation on osmoregulation, oxidative stress, and metabolic enzymes in the invasive Xenopus laevis

Reproductive colonization of land by frogs: Embryos and larvae excrete urea to avoid ammonia toxicity

Dehydration stress alters the mitogen-activated-protein kinase signaling and chaperone stress response in Xenopus laevis

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