Metabolic Aspects of Acute Starvation in Normal Humans (10 Days)

Consolazio, C. Frank; Matoush, LeRoy O.; Johnson, Herman L.; Nelson, Richard Alan; Krzywicki, Harry J.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/20.7.672

Cited by 55 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Average V0 2 max decreased from 3.20 to 2.591·min-I (-19%) on the seventh day of the fast, without statistically significant changes in maximal aerobic power. The measurements also showed a marked increase in nitrogen excretion indicating catabolism of body protein (Consolazio et al, 1967b) and probable reduction in muscle mass. As suggested by the authors, there exists the possibility of training effects in these experiments, shown by increases in physical fitness scores, which could have partially masked the effects of starvation on V0 2 max.…”

Section: Acute Caloric Restrictionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Nutritional status and physical work capacity

Spurr

1983

American J Phys Anthropol

116

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The functional consequences of nutritional intake and resulting nutritional status are reviewed in terms of maximal oxygen consumption, physical work capacity, heart rate response to exercise, work productivity, and endurance at submaximal work loads. The results of both acute (laboratory) and chronic (naturally occurring) malnutrition are considered as well as the effects of dietary supplementation and recovery from previously existing undernutrition. Obesity and anemia are also treated as separate but related nutritional entities.

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Section: Acute Caloric Restrictionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Nutritional status and physical work capacity

Spurr

1983

American J Phys Anthropol

116

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“…47,48 The marked increase in E/I during fasting, caused by the decline in ICW, may be related to modifications of the hydro-electrolytic balance. 20 The expansion of the ECF could be caused by (1) the loss of water molecules in glycogen (ratio ¼ 1:3) because of glycogenolysis, 49 (2) the increased protein turnover to release amino acid to support hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis and (3) a decreased efficiency of the ionic pump (Na/K ATPase) to maintain ion gradients across the membrane and sustain tubular re-absorption in the kidneys. 50 During re-feeding water returns inside the cells because of the insulin-mediated replenishment of glycogen stores, an increase in protein synthesis and to anti-natriuretic effect of insulin and carbohydrate, which determine an expansion of the ECF.…”

Section: Ecw Icw and Ecw/icw Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 Several studies have assessed changes in body composition and water distribution during fasting of different duration in obese and non-obese subjects. [18][19][20][21] Fasting was either used as a treatment in obese subjects [21][22][23] or to test the effects of starvation on physical and psychological performance in normal weight soldiers. 20,24,25 No studies so far have formally compared the effects of fasting on body composition to other dietary plans after achieving similar proportional changes in body mass to assess the effects of rate of WL on body composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of the cellular model of body composition to describe changes in body water compartments after total fasting, very low calorie diet and low calorie diet in obese men

et al. 2010

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Introduction: The cellular model of body composition divides the body in body cell mass (BCM), extracellular solids and extracellular fluids. This model has been infrequently applied for the evaluation of weight loss (WL) programmes. Objectives: (1) To assess changes in body compartments in obese men undergoing fasting, very low calorie diet (VLCD) and low calorie diet (LCD); (2) to evaluate two cellular models for the determination of changes in BCM, fat mass (FM) and body fluids. Materials and methods: Three groups of six, obese men participated in a total fast (F) for 6 days, a VLCD (2.5 MJ per day) for 3 weeks or an LCD (5.2 MJ per day) for 6 weeks. Body composition was measured at baseline and after small (B5%) and moderate (B10%) WL. FM was measured using a four-compartment model. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were, respectively, measured by deuterium and sodium bromide dilution and intracellular water (ICW) calculated by difference. Two cellular models were used to measure BCM, FM and body fluids distribution. Results: After about 5%WL changes in TBW were F ¼ À3.2±1.2 kg (Po0.01), VLCD ¼ À1.2±0.6 kg (Po0.01), LCD ¼ À0.3 ± 0.9 kg(n.s.). The contribution of TBW to total body mass loss was indirectly associated with FM loss. ECW increased during fasting ( þ 1.5±3.1 kg, n.s.), decreased during the VLCD (À2.0±1.5 kg, Po0.05) and remained unchanged at the end of the LCD (À0.3 ± 1.6 kg, n.s.). ICW significantly decreased during fasting (À4.7 ± 3.9 kg, Po0.05) but did not change in the LCD and VLCD groups. The loss of BCM was more significant in the fasting group and it was directly associated with changes in ICW. Conclusions: After a 6-day period of fasting we observed more ICW losses and less fat mobilization compared with VLCD and LCD. The cellular model of body composition is suitable for the characterization of changes in body fluids distribution during WL.

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“…Short-and long-term fasting of normal volunteers has caused Mg loss, but not necessarily hypomagnesemia [144,145]. Balance studies of grossly obese men who were fasted up to 3 months showed urinary losses to be respon sible for loss of 20% of the body Mg and resulted in development of carpal spasms requiring MgS04 infusions for relief [146].…”

Section: Obesity and Stress Of Starvationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of magnesium deficiency on the enhancement of stress reactions; preventive and therapeutic implications (a review).

Seelig

1994

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

141

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Stress intensifies release of catecholamines and corticosteroids that increase survival of normal animals when their lives are threatened. When magnesium (Mg) deficiency exists, stress paradoxically increases risk of cardiovascular damage including hypertension, cerebrovascular and coronary constriction and occlusion, arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). In affluent societies, severe dietary Mg deficiency is uncommon, but dietary imbalances such as high intakes of fat and/or calcium (Ca) can intensify Mg inadequacy, especially under conditions of stress. Adrenergic stimulation of lipolysis can intensify its deficiency by complexing Mg with liberated fatty acids (FA), A low Mg/Ca ratio increases release of catecholamines, which lowers tissue (i.e. myocardial) Mg levels. It also favors excess release or formation of factors (derived both from FA metabolism and the endothelium), that are vasoconstrictive and platelet aggregating; a high Ca/Mg ratio also directly favors blood coagulation, which is also favored by excess fat and its mobilization during adrenergic lipolysis. Auto-oxidation of catecholamines yields free radicals, which explains the enhancement of the protective effect of Mg by anti-oxidant nutrients against cardiac damage caused by beta-catecholamines. Thus, stress, whether physical (i.e. exertion, heat, cold, trauma--accidental or surgical, burns), or emotional (i.e. pain, anxiety, excitement or depression) and dyspnea as in asthma increases need for Mg. Genetic differences in Mg utilization may account for differences in vulnerability to Mg deficiency and differences in body responses to stress.

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Metabolic Aspects of Acute Starvation in Normal Humans (10 Days)

Cited by 55 publications

References 16 publications

Nutritional status and physical work capacity

Nutritional status and physical work capacity

Use of the cellular model of body composition to describe changes in body water compartments after total fasting, very low calorie diet and low calorie diet in obese men

Consequences of magnesium deficiency on the enhancement of stress reactions; preventive and therapeutic implications (a review).

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