Consequences of magnesium deficiency on the enhancement of stress reactions; preventive and therapeutic implications (a review).

Abstract

Stress intensifies release of catecholamines and corticosteroids that increase survival of normal animals when their lives are threatened. When magnesium (Mg) deficiency exists, stress paradoxically increases risk of cardiovascular damage including hypertension, cerebrovascular and coronary constriction and occlusion, arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). In affluent societies, severe dietary Mg deficiency is uncommon, but dietary imbalances such as high intakes of fat and/or calcium (Ca) can intensify Mg inadequacy, especially under conditions of stress. Adrenergic stimulation of lipolysis can intensify its deficiency by complexing Mg with liberated fatty acids (FA), A low Mg/Ca ratio increases release of catecholamines, which lowers tissue (i.e. myocardial) Mg levels. It also favors excess release or formation of factors (derived both from FA metabolism and the endothelium), that are vasoconstrictive and platelet aggregating; a high Ca/Mg ratio also directly favors blood coagulation, which is also favored by excess fat and its mobilization during adrenergic lipolysis. Auto-oxidation of catecholamines yields free radicals, which explains the enhancement of the protective effect of Mg by anti-oxidant nutrients against cardiac damage caused by beta-catecholamines. Thus, stress, whether physical (i.e. exertion, heat, cold, trauma--accidental or surgical, burns), or emotional (i.e. pain, anxiety, excitement or depression) and dyspnea as in asthma increases need for Mg. Genetic differences in Mg utilization may account for differences in vulnerability to Mg deficiency and differences in body responses to stress.

Estimates of mineral intakes using food composition tables vs measures by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Part 2: sodium, potassium, magnesium, copper and zinc

“…According to Seelig (1994), a low MgaCa ratio favors excess release or formation of vasoconstrictive and platelet-coagulating factors. Whereas the depletion of Mg in real life may occur in extreme cases such as patients receiving concentrated calories via total parenteral nutrition (Solomon & Kirby, 1990), it is not clear whether marginal Mg depletion results in a disease (Shils & Rude, 1996).…”

Magnesium deficiency and stress: Issues of their relationship, diagnostic tests, and approaches to therapy

“…В то же время при ДМ стресс парадоксально увеличивает риск развития ССЗ, в том числе артериальной гипертонии, ин-сультов, аритмии и внезапной сердечно-сосудистой смер-ти. Имеет значение и относительный ДМ -увеличение коэффициента Ca/Mg способствует гиперкоагуляции, приводит к усилению высвобождение катехоламинов, что замыкает порочный круг при стрессе, еще больше усугу-бляя тканевой ДМ [20].…”

Molecular Basis of Hypertension: A Systematic Review on the Role of Metal Ions for Increase Prevalence of Hypertension in India

“…The hypomagnesemia observed in HTS patients may be as a result of low Mg/Ca ratio which has been found to stimulate the release of catecholamines, the auto-oxidation of which yield free radical which lowers tissue Mg levels. Hypomagnesaemia thus result increase in BP as it favours release or formation of factors that are vasoconstrictive, platelet aggregation and further possibly via their effect on glomerular filtration rate through angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors [37] [38]. In this regard, Gottlieb et al reported that in congestive heart failure, the greatest mortality rate occurred in hypomagnesemic patients and increased Mg deficiencies seem to be associated with prevalence of essential HT [24].…”