Metabolic Activities and Cleavage of Eggs of the Sea Urchin, Arbacia Punctulata a Review, 1932-1949

Krahl, M. E.

doi:10.2307/1538668

Cited by 74 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…Diffusion drag' forces will of course depend directly upon the intensity of metabolism, and yet cells will divide in the presence of respiratory inhibitors (providing they are applied at or after the beginning of prophase) that reduce respiration to a small fraction of the normal. Conversely cells treated with the substituted phenols respire at two, three and four times the normal rate, and yet fail to cleave (Krahl, 1950;S. 1953.…”

Section: Mathematical Theories Of Cleavagementioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanism of Cleavage in Animal Cells

1958

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Section: Mathematical Theories Of Cleavagementioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanism of Cleavage in Animal Cells

1958

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“…In a number of cases, such as sea urchin eggs (59) and mammalian epi dermis (19,20), the evidence that the energy requirements for division are met exclusively by aerobic pathways is unequivocal. On the other hand, there are numerous cases in which division proceeds under anerobic condi tions; for example, it has been stated (44, p. 189) that the division of em bryonic cells is relatively indifferent to anerobiosis.…”

Section: Energetics Of Mitosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemistry of the Dividing Cell

Mazia¹

1961

Annu. Rev. Biochem.

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The normal form of cell reproduction involves the duplication of the nu clear genetic material, the partitioning of the genetic material into two equiv alent, or "sister," nuclei, and the partitioning of the cytoplasm into two separate cells, each with one of the nuclei, Nuclear division is not necessarily followed by cytoplasmic division ; the production of multinucleated cells is a common occurrence in nature and in experiments. On the other hand, cell division without nuclear division, which would produce anucleate cytoplasmic masses, is a rare occurrence, obtainable only under special experimental con ditions (36,70,159).In all plant and animal celIs, in protozoa, and in a great many algae and fungi, ceIl division involves the method of mitosis. The defining features of the mitotic method are: the "packaging" of the genetic units in chromo somes, the condensation of the chromosomes at the time of division, and the transportation of sister chromosomes to opposite poles. Thus, the major problems of mitosis are problems of structure and of very specific movement; therefore, a discussion of the biochemistry of the dividing cell takes place in a different context from discussions of metabolic biochemistry and biosyn thesis. It involves the polarization of the whole ceIl, specific "connections" or "attractions" between large bodies, large-scale movements, and, normally, an exact partitioning of the entire cell.Unfortunately, we do not have an adequate account of the method of nuclear division in bacteria and blue-green algae in the sense that mitosis is the method employed by plant and animal cells.

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“…The internal volume of the chamber is about 0.075 ml which is more than sufficient to meet the respiratory requirements of several hundred cells. In a variety of marine oocytes, for example, oxygen consumption varies between 75 and 350 pl oxygen per egg per hour, depending on cell type but not on cell volume (Krahl, 1950;Scholander et al, 1952). Cell development is impeded when the oxygen tension falls to 20% of normal (Amberson, 1928).…”

Section: Criteria and Design Based On Considerations Of Specimen Physmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new miniature hydrostatic pressure chamber for microscopy. Strain-free optical glass windows facilitate phase-contrast and polarized-light microscopy of living cells. Optional fixture permits simultaneous control of pressure and temperature.

Salmon¹,

Ellis²

1975

The Journal of Cell Biology

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This paper describes the development of a miniature, temperature-controlled, stainless steel pressure chamber which uses strain-free optical glass for windows. It is directly adaptable to standard phase-contrast and polarized-light microscopes and requires a minimum amount of equipment to generate and measure pressure. Birefringence retardations (BR) of 0.1 nm up to 3,000 psi, 0.4 nm up to 5,000 psi and 1.0 nm up to 10,000 psi can be detected over a 0.75-mm central field with two strain-free Leitz 20• UM objectives, one used as a condenser. In phase-contrast studies a Nikon DML 40• phase objective and Zeiss model IS long working-distance phase condenser were used, with little deterioration of image quality or contrast at pressures as high as 12,000 psi. The actual design process required a synthesis of various criteria which may be categorized under four main areas of consideration: (a) specimen physiology; (b) constraints imposed by available optical equipment and standard microscope systems; (c) mechanical strength and methods for generating pressure; and (d) optical requirements of the chamber windows. Procedures for using the chamber, as well as methods for shifting and controlling the temperature within the chamber, are included.Hydrostatic pressure is important as a physiological parameter in relation to life in the deep sea and as an experimental variable, especially in studies of the equilibria of labile cellular structures and the reaction rates of enzymatic processes. (For details, see reviews by Johnson et al.,

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Metabolic Activities and Cleavage of Eggs of the Sea Urchin, Arbacia Punctulata a Review, 1932-1949

Cited by 74 publications

References 151 publications

The Mechanism of Cleavage in Animal Cells

The Mechanism of Cleavage in Animal Cells

Biochemistry of the Dividing Cell

A new miniature hydrostatic pressure chamber for microscopy. Strain-free optical glass windows facilitate phase-contrast and polarized-light microscopy of living cells. Optional fixture permits simultaneous control of pressure and temperature.

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