Meta-analyzing enhanced expectancies on motor learning: positive effects but methodological concerns

Bacelar, Mariane F.B.; Parma, Juliana Otoni; Murrah, William M.; Miller, Matthew W.

doi:10.1080/1750984x.2022.2042839

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Nonetheless, the field of motor learning is not past asking whether self-controlled practice and enhanced expectancies have any benefit, so concerns about estimating the magnitude of a potential benefit are premature (Simonsohn, 2015). Thus, we urge any motor learning scientist(s) interested in clarifying whether self-controlled practice or enhanced expectancies boost motor learning to address the problems of underpowered and overworked study designs (Lohse et al, 2016) and the reporting bias revealed in the present meta-analysis and those by McKay et al (in-press) and Bacelar, Parma, Murrah, et al (2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2016) was established through study results showing that enhancing learners' expectancies and control over practice conditions improves learning and further supported by studies testing these hypotheses (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2021). Two recent meta-analyses were conducted to appraise the evidential value of studies testing whether self-controlled practice (McKay et al, in-press) and/or enhanced expectancies (Bacelar, Parma, Murrah, et al, 2022) improve motor learning. McKay and colleagues' (in-press) meta-analysis found self-controlled practice benefited motor learning (g = 0.54) when using a naive random-effects model of published studies, but little a benefit was observed when a suite of bias correction techniques were employed (g's ranged from -0.11 to 0.26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The combination of reporting bias and underpowered study designs has substantially exaggerated the motor learning benefits of self-controlled practice and enhanced expectancies: A meta-analysis

McKay¹,

Bacelar²,

Parma³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Enhanced expectancies and autonomy-support through self-controlled practice conditions form the motivation pillar of OPTIMAL theory (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2016). The influence of these practice variables on motor learning was recently evaluated in two separate meta-analyses. Both meta-analyses found that the published literature suggested a moderate and significant benefit on motor learning; however, evidence for reporting bias was found in both literatures. Although multiple bias-corrected estimates were reported in the self-controlled meta-analysis, there was no principled way to prefer one over the other. In the enhanced expectancies meta-analysis, the trim-and-fill-technique failed to correct the estimated effects. Here, we addressed these limitations by reanalyzing the data from both meta-analyses using robust Bayesian meta-analysis methods. Our reanalysis revealed that reporting bias substantially exaggerated the benefits of these practice variables in the original meta-analyses. The true effects are instead small, uncertain, and potentially null. We also found the estimated average statistical power among all studies from the original meta-analyses was 6% (95% confidence interval [5%, 13%]). These results provide compelling and converging evidence that strongly suggests the available literature is insufficient to support the motivation pillar of OPTIMAL theory. Our results highlight the need for adequately powered experimental designs if motor learning scientists want to make evidence-based recommendations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The combination of reporting bias and underpowered study designs has substantially exaggerated the motor learning benefits of self-controlled practice and enhanced expectancies: A meta-analysis

McKay¹,

Bacelar²,

Parma³

et al. 2022

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…This, in turn, motivated most participants to engage with the DVD-HEP routinely-thus suggesting why there was high adherence to the intervention in our current sample. The current trial adds to the growing evidence base on the potential efficacy of self-modeling videos of task mastery on improved motor performance in frail older adults in the community (64).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We can draw on several learning theories, including the cognitive theory of learning ( 63 ), and the Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning (OPTIMAL) theory of motor learning ( 64 ), to explain the current study's findings. Cognitive theorists would argue that it was likely that our tailored self-modeled DVD-HEP was designed to be situated within each individual's “ zone of proximal development” ( 63 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, the inclusion of specific and targeted audio-visual and proprioceptive instructions and encouragement by the physiotherapist in the video recording alongside participant-selected background music was reported by participants to transform the DVD-HEP exercise routine into a “ joyful and fun experience” and offered a few participants a “ feel-good factor.” This, in turn, motivated most participants to engage with the DVD-HEP routinely—thus suggesting why there was high adherence to the intervention in our current sample. The current trial adds to the growing evidence base on the potential efficacy of self-modeling videos of task mastery on improved motor performance in frail older adults in the community ( 64 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prescribing tailored home exercise program to older adults in the community using a tailored self-modeled video: A pre-post study

Vaz

Hang

Codde

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundCommunity rehabilitation for older people after hospital discharge is necessary to regain functional ability and independence. However, poor adherence to exercise programs continues to hinder achieving positive health outcomes in older people. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of prescribing a tailored video self-modeled DVD-HEP for 6 weeks, on functional mobility, physical activity, exercise self-efficacy, and health-related quality of life, in a sample of frail older adults.Materials and methodsA pre- and post-test intervention study design was conducted, with each participant acting as their own control. A convergent, parallel, mixed-methods approach involving quantitative, and qualitative data collection was used. Participants received an individualized assessment at baseline and subsequently were provided with a 30-min tailored 6-week self-modeled DVD-HEP that showed the physiotherapist instructing the participant. The physiotherapist phoned participants fortnightly to encourage engagement in the program and explore responses to it. Outcomes evaluated included functional mobility, balance, gait speed, and exercise self-efficacy.ResultsParticipants (n = 15) showed clinically meaningful improvements at follow-up compared to baseline in functional mobility (TUGMCID = 3.4–3.5 s, 3-MWTMCID = 0.1–0.2 m/s) and gait speed (3-MWTMCID = 0.1–0.2 m/s). There were also significant improvements in balance and self-efficacy for exercise and a 2.5- and a 1.3-fold increase in moderate and light physical activity participation at follow-up compared to baseline. The deductive themes were: (i) Enjoyment, self-efficacy, and wellbeing; (ii) Achieving life goals; (iii) Background music as a motivator to adherence; and (iv) Enhanced motor performance and learning: Task goal mastery, multimodal feedback, autonomy to self-regulate learning. The new inductive theme was (v) Preference for in-person support for exercise.ConclusionFuture studies are warranted to compare a tailored self-modeled video HEP to face-to-face programs and other digital health modalities to evaluate older adults' adherence levels and functional improvement.

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Enhanced expectancies benefit performance under distraction, but compromise it under stress: Exploring the OPTIMAL theory

Simmonds

Wakefield

Coyles

et al. 2023

Human Movement Science

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Meta-analyzing enhanced expectancies on motor learning: positive effects but methodological concerns

Cited by 13 publications

References 84 publications

The combination of reporting bias and underpowered study designs has substantially exaggerated the motor learning benefits of self-controlled practice and enhanced expectancies: A meta-analysis

The combination of reporting bias and underpowered study designs has substantially exaggerated the motor learning benefits of self-controlled practice and enhanced expectancies: A meta-analysis

Prescribing tailored home exercise program to older adults in the community using a tailored self-modeled video: A pre-post study

Enhanced expectancies benefit performance under distraction, but compromise it under stress: Exploring the OPTIMAL theory

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