Messing with the Sentinels—The Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus with Dendritic Cells

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a dangerous pathogen as well as a frequent colonizer, threatening human health worldwide. Protection against S. aureus infection is challenging, as the bacteria have sophisticated strategies to escape the host immune response. To maintain equilibrium with S. aureus, both innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms are required. Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical players at the interface between the two arms of the immune system, indispensable for inducing specific T cell responses. In this review, we highlight the importance of DCs in mounting innate as well as adaptive immune responses against S. aureus with emphasis on their role in S. aureus-induced respiratory diseases. We also review what is known about mechanisms that S. aureus has adopted to evade DCs or manipulate these cells to its advantage.

Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

“…[77][78][79] This points to the fact that besides inhalant allergens, microbial allergens can trigger mast cell-mediated inflammation 76,80 ; CRSwNP has a high colonization rate of up to 90% with S aureus. 81 High-affinity IgE receptors are expressed on mast cells, and typical mediators such as prostaglandins and leucotrienes released upon activation, but also low-affinity receptors expressed on dendritic cells and B cells, may help to mediate antigen presentation and finally more IgE antibody production. 82 Local class-switching to IgE 83 is supported by the expression of the immunoglobulin diversification enzyme activation-induced deaminase, local receptor revision, and B-cell differentiation into IgE-secreting plasma cells.…”

Differential Responses of Human Dendritic Cells to Live or Inactivated Staphylococcus aureus: Impact on Cytokine Production and T Helper Expansion

“…Dendritic cells (DC) are key components of the immune system for their extraordinary capacity to initiate primary immune responses and stimulate naïve T cells (17). DC play an important role in orchestrating and regulating immune responses against pathogens, including S. aureus (18, 19). In this respect, we recently demonstrated that the virulence factors Esx secreted by live S. aureus modulate human DC functions and their capacity to support a Th1/Th17 response (20).…”

PSM Peptides From Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Impair the Adaptive Immune Response via Modulation of Dendritic Cell Subsets in vivo

“…Recently, it was shown that S. aureus leukocidin LukAB kills human DCs in vitro and in consequence inhibits activation and proliferation of primary human T cells (33). Moreover, LukED kills DCs, macrophages, and T cells by targeting CCR5 (34). Here, we showed significantly reduced the numbers of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in the spleen upon S. aureus infection, which was even more pronounced for the PSM-secreting WT strain, indicating that PSMs in addition to leukocidins (35) mediate this cytolytic effect.…”

“…These T regs counteract T effector function, which prevents infection-induced immunopathology or prolongs pathogen persistence (39–41). Recent studies have highlighted the importance of T cell-mediated immune responses for S. aureus clearance (34). Thus, targeting and instructing DCs to become less stimulatory and in consequence prime regulatory responses would be a potent immune evasion strategy (42).…”