Mesoporous bioactive glasses for regenerative medicine

Abstract

Stem cells are the central element of regenerative medicine (RM). However, in many clinical applications, the use of scaffolds fabricated with biomaterials is required. In this sense, mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) are going to play an important role in bone regeneration because of their striking textural properties, quick bioactive response, and biocompatibility. As other bioactive glasses, MBGs are mainly formed by silicon, calcium, and phosphorus oxides whose ions play an important role in cell proliferation as well as in homeostasis and bone remodeling process. A common improvement of bioactive glasses for RM is by adding small amounts of oxides of elements that confer them additional biological capacities, including osteogenic, angiogenic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, or anticancer properties. Moreover, MBGs are versatile in terms of the different ways in which they can be processed, such as scaffolds, fibers, coatings, or nanoparticles. MBGs are unique because their textural properties are so high that they still exhibit outstanding bioactive responses even after adding extra inorganic ions or being processed as scaffolds or nanoparticles. Moreover, they can be further improved by loading with biomolecules, drugs, and stem cells. This article reviews the state of the art and future perspectives of MBGs in the field of RM of hard tissues.

Strontium Functionalization of Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering Purposes: A Biological Point of View

“…Bioactive glasses (BGs) are a class of synthetic inorganic biomaterials introduced in the early 1970s by Larry Hench, with the first commercialized glass named Bioglass® 45S5. BGs are widely studied for clinical applications due to their high biocompatibility and bioactivity: they easily bind to bone and soft connective tissue when implanted in vivo and release ions in the biological fluids, leading to the formation of a bone-like apatite layer on the implant surface and promoting cellular adhesion and proliferation of osteogenic cells [ 117 , 118 , 119 ]. The tunable degradation rate, the ionic release with osteogenic potential and the ability to become an HA-like material make the BGs suitable for BTE applications, even if mechanically brittle.…”

Design of 3D Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Engineering: From Apatites to Silicon Mesoporous Materials

“…The combination of this doped MBG powder obtained by evaporation-induced self-assembly and the rapid prototyping technique were employed to fabricate 3D scaffolds using the binders described in previous sections. Prof. Vallet-Regí's group mainly focused on the effect of the inclusion of Ga, Ce, Sr and Zn ions in MBGs [166]. Nevertheless, after the inclusion of extra elements in the CaO-P 2 O 5 -SiO 2 system, it was necessary to confirm that the significant features that make MBGs useful for tissue engineering and drug delivery systems were maintained.…”

Gallium containing bioactive materials: A review of anticancer, antibacterial, and osteogenic properties

“…Metallic ions addition to bioactive materials has been a subject of interest for the last few decades [ [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] ]. The possibility of incorporating metallic ions dopants into bioactive materials has led to biomaterials with improved biological features to be tailored to specific clinical applications [ 1 , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] ]. For example, metallic ions like copper, strontium, zinc, silicon, boron, cerium, and gallium, usually incorporated in inorganic materials (e.g.…”