Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Subpopulation, Pluripotent Muse Cells, in Basic Research and Regenerative Medicine

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained a great deal of attention for regenerative medicine because they can be obtained from easy accessible mesenchymal tissues, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, and the umbilical cord, and have trophic and immunosuppressive effects to protect tissues. The most outstanding property of MSCs is their potential for differentiation into cells of all three germ layers. MSCs belong to the mesodermal lineage, but they are known to cross boundaries from mesodermal to ectodermal and endodermal lineages, and differentiate into a variety of cell types both in vitro and in vivo. Such behavior is exceptional for tissue stem cells. As observed with hematopoietic and neural stem cells, tissue stem cells usually generate cells that belong to the tissue in which they reside, and do not show triploblastic differentiation. However, the scientific basis for the broad multipotent differentiation of MSCs still remains an enigma. This review summarizes the properties of MSCs from representative mesenchymal tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and the umbilical cord, to demonstrate their similarities and differences. Finally, we introduce a novel type of pluripotent stem cell, multilineagedifferentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells, a small subpopulation of MSCs, which can explain the broad spectrum of differentiation ability in MSCs. Anat Rec,

Trophic Activity and Phenotype of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Background of Their Regenerative Potential

“…The ALDH, used to identify the hematopoietic stem cells, was present at a high level (more than 70%) to passage 4 [93]. In addition, there is a report indicating the expression of CD71 and MHC class I by both ASCs and BM-MSCs [94]. It is worth to note that the data referring to the surface molecule characteristic for ASCs are inconsistent.…”

“…Busser et al [98] have demonstrated the lack of expression of SUSD2 and MSCA-1 by mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue in situ, in contrast to MSCs from bone marrow. What is more, BM-MSCs have been shown to be positive for CD22, CD51, CD64a, CD340, and CD349, comparing to ASCs [94]. In turn, the researchers have observed that other marker, CD271, allows to define adipose tissue cell subsets with particular abilities, but only in lipoaspiration samples and not in abdominoplasty samples [98].…”

“…In turn, the researchers have observed that other marker, CD271, allows to define adipose tissue cell subsets with particular abilities, but only in lipoaspiration samples and not in abdominoplasty samples [98]. It has been also reported that CD58 and CD117 were expressed by both bone marrow and adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cell populations [94]. On the other hand, some reports exert that all types of MSCs are characterized by lack of CD117 expression [9].…”

“…In contrast to cells derived from bone marrow, the ASCs exhibited the expression of CD49d. This receptor forms a heterodimer with CD29 to create VLA-4 (very late activation antigen-4), the main cognate ligand for vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1]–CD106 ligand [94]. Moreover, it might be suggested that CD9, CD49d, CD55, and CD59 are molecules distinguishing mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue and bone marrow [20, 94].…”

A mystery unraveled: nontumorigenic pluripotent stem cells in human adult tissues

“…Despite their common consideration as a ‘mulitpotent’ stem cell population merely capable of differentiating into cell types of mesodermal origin, MSCs have been considered attractive and viable stem cell sources for regenerative medicine due to their accessibility, abundance and lack of tumorigenic propensity [27]. MSCs have been shown to differentiate across all three germ cell lineages with varying efficiencies both in vitro and in vivo , contributing to tissue regeneration and repair in some cases [28].…”