Trophic Activity and Phenotype of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Background of Their Regenerative Potential

Abstract

There has been an increased interest in mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue, due to their abundance and accessibility with no ethical concerns. Their multipotent properties make them appropriate for regenerative clinical applications. It has been shown that adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) may differ between the origin sites. Moreover, a variety of internal and external factors may affect their biological characteristics, as what we aimed to highlight in this review. It has been demonstrated that ASCs secrete multiple trophic factors that are capable of stimulating cell proliferation and differentiation and migration of various cell types. Particular attention should be given to exosomes, since it is known that they contribute to the paracrine effects of MSCs. Secretion of trophic agents by ASCs is thought to be in a greater importance for regenerative medicine applications, rather than cells engraftment to the site of injury and their differentiation ability. The surface marker profile of ASCs seems to be similar to that of the mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, although some molecular differences are observed. Thus, in this review, we have attempted to define trophic activity, as well as phenotypic characterization of ASCs, as crucial factors for therapeutic usage.

Adipose‐Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction and Cultured Stromal Cells as Trophic Mediators for Tendon Healing

“…There are advantages and disadvantages of each approach and it may be that both prove to be clinically relevant options. Cell expansion not only selects for an adherent cell subpopulation, but likely results in metabolic and phenotypic changes, which may be both desirable and undesirable . In any in vitro study it is impossible to fully reproduce the intended in vivo target environment, including the ECM‐rich environment in which cells normally reside.…”

“…The frequency of MSC has been reported to be as high as 43% from equine adipose tissue and it yields up to 500 times the MSC compared to the bone marrow . The nucleated cells isolated from adipose tissue by enzymatic digestion and centrifugation, referred to as the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), are a heterogeneous mixture of endothelial cells, monocytes, lymphocytes, myeloid cells, pericytes, pre‐adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and MSC . Culture expansion of the SVF to select for the plastic‐adherent multipotent cells results in a more homogeneous population of cells consistent with MSC .…”

“…Multipotent stromal cells have the potential to influence tendon healing by several mechanisms, including differentiation into tendon fibroblasts, production of soluble factors that influence healing by inducing cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, and immunomodulatory effects . The production of soluble factors that act as paracrine mediators is referred to as “trophic” activity and can occur directly through the production and release of bioactive factors or indirectly by recruiting endogenous cells capable of doing the same .…”

“…13 The nucleated cells isolated from adipose tissue by enzymatic digestion and centrifugation, referred to as the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), are a heterogeneous mixture of endothelial cells, monocytes, lymphocytes, myeloid cells, pericytes, pre-adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and MSC. 11,14,15 Culture expansion of the SVF to select for the plastic-adherent multipotent cells results in a more homogeneous population of cells consistent with MSC. 11 These culture-adherent cells have been termed adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASC).…”

Comprehensive evaluation of different cryopreservation methods used for the successful storage of human Wharton's Jelly tissue

“…Until now, vitrification protocols have been applied successfully in long term storage of small model systems including human oocytes and embryos. This technology may further be used at scale-up experiments such as adipose tissue [13], blood vessels [14] and even more WJ tissue [15].…”