Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as New Remedy for the Treatment of Neurocognitive Disorders

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) are nano-sized extracellular vesicles enriched with MSC-sourced neuroprotective and immunomodulatory microRNAs, neural growth factors, and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which attenuate neuro-inflammation, promote neo-vascularization, induce neurogenesis, and reduce apoptotic loss of neural cells. Accordingly, a large number of experimental studies demonstrated MSC-Exo-dependent improvement of cognitive impairment in experimental animals. In this review article, we summarized current knowledge about molecular and cellular mechanisms that were responsible for MSC-Exo-based restoration of cognitive function, emphasizing therapeutic potential of MSC-Exos in the treatment of neurocognitive disorders.

Exosomes derived from differentiated human ADMSC with the Schwann cell phenotype modulate peripheral nerve-related cellular functions

“…Following the differentiation of hADMSCs, we focused on exosomes isolation from hADMSCs with and without differentiation. Some literatures have reported that MSC-derived exosomes, with MSC-sourced neuroprotective and immunomodulatory miRNAs, attenuate neuro-inflammation, promote neo-vascularization, induce neurogenesis, and reduce apoptotic loss of neural cells [ 55 , 98 , 99 ]. Therefore, exosomes, as important mediators for intercellular and intracellular communication, are ideal natural nanocarriers for (stem) cell free therapy due to their biocompatible characteristics and immune-friendly nature [ [100] , [101] , [102] ].…”

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Secreting Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Outcomes in Rett Syndrome Mouse Models

“…Therefore, in a therapeutic perspective, effective overexpression of such essential neurotrophic factors is the key to curing the disease without causing severe and prolonged pathogenesis. Increased passage of MSCs naturally boost secretion of BDNF; MSCs are promising delivery systems for therapeutics in various neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, because of their secretomes ( Rodrigues Hell et al, 2009 ; Harrell et al, 2021 ; Jalali et al, 2021 ; Kuo et al, 2021 ). Therefore, BDNF-MSCs could be effective in treating RTT, because of their ability to overexpress BDNF and the presence of neuroprotective or immunomodulatory exosomes.…”

Emerging Potential of Exosomal Non-coding RNA in Parkinson’s Disease: A Review

“…These exosomes have special effects in the treatment of PD, since they can deliver DA to the brain and significantly increase the DA content in the brain ( Qu et al, 2018 ). Additionally, exosomal carriers play a prominent role in reducing DA neuronal apoptosis and boosting DA neurons repair and regeneration ( Harrell et al, 2021 ). There have been numerous studies on the therapy of PD, including exosomal loading protein and mRNA ( Haney et al, 2015 ; Kojima et al, 2018 ).…”