Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

The pathophysiology of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) appears largely related to an innate defect in the immune system culminating in a loss of self tolerance and destruction of the insulin producing β-cells. Currently, there is no definitive cure for diabetes. Insulin injection does not mimic the precise regulation of β-cells on glucose homeostasis, leading long term to the development of complications. Other therapeutic approaches therefore, are necessary and cell therapy is thought to be a possible approach. In this sense, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can offer a promising possibility that deserves to be explored. MSCs are multipotent non-hematopoietic progenitor cells. Their therapeutic potentials have recently been brought into the spotlights of many fields of research. Although the regenerative capabilities of MSCs have been a driving force to initiate studies testing their therapeutic effectiveness, their immunomodulatory properties have been equally exciting. MSCs possess specific immunomodulatory properties that would appear capable of disabling immune dysregulation that leads to β-cell destruction in T1D. Furthermore, MSCs can be sequentially cultured in specially defined conditions and their differentiation extends toward the β-cell phenotype and the formation of insulin producing cells (IPCs). To date, the role of MSCs in T1D remains completely unexplored. We herein summarize multiple strategies that have been proposed and tested for its potential therapeutic benefit for T1D.

Isolamento e caracterização de células-tronco mesenquimais de filtros reutilizáveis e descartáveis de medula óssea

“…hMSCs are also being tested as a GVHD treatment, alone or in combination with corticosteroid therapy (15)(16)(17) . Besides GVHD prevention and treatment, hMSCs are involved in a variety of therapies suggestions, such as neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, type 1 diabetes, and others (18)(19)(20)(21) . Therefore, bone marrow collection sets are an important source of cells, offering to the scientific community an opportunity to obtain these cells, and to clarify conflicting results -such as the implications of biological variability and differences in conditions that may affect the final therapeutic outcomes -and to provide answers to scientific and medical issues.…”

Interplay between Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Lymphocytes

“…Therefore, it is critical to use healthy MSCs for cell-based immune therapies. MSCs have also shown efficacy and safety in several clinical trials for myocardial infarction, acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, and Crohn's disease, a painful inflammatory disease in the bowels and gastrointestinal tract (Boumaza et al, 2009;Hare et al, 2009;Ciccocioppo et al, 2011;Matthay et al, 2010;Mannon, 2011;Mabed and Shahin, 2012). Recently, Osiris Therapeutics, Inc. (Columbia, MD, USA) has received market authorization in Canada to market the first undifferentiated stem cell product, Prochymal ® , an intravenously administered formulation of MSCs derived from human bone marrow of healthy adults, for the management of acute GVHD in children who are unresponsive to steroids (Prasad et al, 2011;Pollack, 2012).…”

Thymoquinone Improves Anti-Diabetic Activity of Metformin in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Rats

“…Mainly, there are two types of diabetes mellitus; type 1 and type 2 [2]. Type 1 is a defect in the immune system resulting in a loss of selftolerance and inflammatory destruction of the insulin producing β-cells [3,4]. Type 2 is the most common type and involving insulin resistance and deficiency [5].…”