“…Additionally, several lines of evidence indicate the PPN to play a role in dopamine mediated behaviours such as motivational behaviour, reinforcement and learning(Okada et al, 2009;Pan and Hyland, 2005). For instance, distinct subpopulations of PPN neurons in monkeys have been demonstrated to respond differentially to predicted and actual reward values and further experiments in rats point towards a role of PPN neurons in detecting reward-prediction errors and in signalling action-outcome associations(Leblond et al, 2014;Okada et al, 2009;Thompson et al, 2016;Tian et al, 2016).Thus, several lines of evidence based on electrophysiological studies and behavioural tasks suggest that the PPN is involved in reinforcement learning and reward circuits. By its modulatory effect on mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, the PPN is believed to influence behavioural decision-making by direct and indirect regulation of striatal activity(Mena-Segovia and Bolam, 2017).…”