Mercury in Bituminous Coal Used in Polish Power Plants

Burmistrz, Piotr; Kogut, Krzysztof

doi:10.1515/amsc-2016-0034

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…The measure of reliability for a single examination of an analytical sample is the uncertainty of the result considered as the uncertainty that includes: sampling, preparation of the general sample, preparation of the laboratory and analytical samples, and the analysis itself. The detailed procedure was described in previous work [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blast-furnace process as a source of anthropogenic mercury emissions

Kogut¹,

Tuz²,

Burmistrz³

2021

cisisr

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The metallurgical industry is a major source of anthropogenic emissions of mercury, whose compounds have an adverse impact on the environment and human health. In the year 2017 in the European Union, the industry was responsible for nearly 13 % of mercury emissions, being their third largest source. In Poland the industry is the fourth largest source of emissions, accounting for approximately 3.6 % the total. There are several component processes in the steel production process. The first consists of the preparation of ferrous additive, mainly in the sintering process. The second consists of smelting of pig iron in a blast furnace and the last entails processing in a converter or arc furnace. The main source of mercury in the blast furnace process is the fuel (coal and coke). The largest stream of mercury leaves the furnace with the blast furnace gas, which contains 2.4 μg/m 3 after cleaning. Mercury content in pig iron has always been below detection levels with respect to analysis methods used. Using balance investigation results and data available in literature, an emission index has been determined for the whole production cycle: 10.181 mg Hg/Mg of steel. This value consists of emissions generated in the following steps: preparation of sinter -1.622 mg Hg/Mg of steel, coke production -4.953 mg Hg/Mg of steel, combustion of blast furnace gas produced during the blast furnace process -3.557 mg Hg/Mg of steel and pig iron processing -0.050 mg Hg/Mg of steel.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blast-furnace process as a source of anthropogenic mercury emissions

Kogut¹,

Tuz²,

Burmistrz³

2021

cisisr

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“…Mercury content in coals is relatively low, between several tens and hundreds of μg kg –1 . − However, because of the immense scale of coal consumption, mercury in coal constitutes a major threat to the environment. Mercury present in coals is bound to both mineral and organic matter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The average mercury content in Polish subbituminous coals varies from 25 to 300 μg kg –1 , whereas that in Polish lignites varies from 100 to 450 μg kg –1 . − There is no reliable data on mercury content in Polish bituminous coals. These coals are used for production of metallurgical coke in high temperature pyrolysis, which consists of many subprocesses, including pyrolysis of a coal mixture in a coking chamber and cooling and cleaning of volatile products of coal pyrolysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mercury in Polish Coking Bituminous Coals

et al. 2018

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Poland emits 10.58 Mg of mercury to the atmosphere annually. More than 90% of this emission is generated by combustion and thermochemical usage of coal, including coking. In Poland, the coking industry consumes more than 12 million Mg of bituminous coals each year. Contrary to lignites and subbituminous coals used in power plants, there is not much reliable data on mercury content in Polish bituminous coals. The purpose of this paper was to determine mercury content in bituminous coals delivered to Polish coke plants and to analyze possible removal of mercury during coal cleaning processes. Eighty-two samples from 9 mines were analyzed. The average mercury content varied from 28.4 to 182.6 μg kg–1, with a mean value of 75.9 μg kg–1. The analysis of mercury content in three coals treated by (i) flotation, (ii) dense-media washing, and (iii) jig washer cleaning, revealed that mercury content in relation to net calorific value can be reduced by 27% (flotation) to 71% (dense-media washing). In addition, distribution of mercury, ash, and sulfur between products and rejects in the process of coal cleaning was determined. For this purpose samples of raw coals, clean coals, middling products and rejects derived from six coal preparation plants were examined (67 samples). The publication presents the mercury balance results for bituminous coal coking. The mercury is transferred to coal tar (75%, mean mercury content 2007 μg kg–1), coke (6%, 7.5 μg kg–1), sulfur (2%, 2998 μg kg–1) and purified coke oven gas (3%, 7.5 μg m–3). Balance data shows that almost 14% of mercury is emitted to the atmosphere during the process of filling the coke oven chambers with coal.

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“…Although adsorptive methods are highly efficient, their cost is very high, reaching from 40 to 90 thousand USD per 1 kg of mercury removed. This cost can be decreased by usage of cheaper sorbents like selected fractions of coke dust, especially those acquired from coke dry cooling installations [7]. The first step to determine if a given sorbent is suitable for mercury removal from flue gases, is a laboratory test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The method of determination of mercury adsorption from flue gases

et al. 2017

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Abstract. For several recent years Faculty of Energy and Fuels of the AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow conduct intensive studies on the occurrence of mercury contained in thermal and coking coals, as well as on the possible reduction of fossil-fuel mercury emissions. This research focuses, among others, on application of sorbents for removal of mercury from flue gases. In this paper we present the methodology for testing mercury adsorption using various types of sorbents, in laboratory conditions. Our model assumes burning a coal sample, with a specific mercury content, in a strictly determined time period and temperature conditions, oxygen or air flow rates, and the flow of flue gases through sorbent in a specific temperature. It was developed for particular projects concerning the possibilities of applying different sorbents to remove mercury from flue gases. Test stand itself is composed of a vertical pipe furnace inside which a quartz tube was mounted for sample burning purposes. At the furnace outlet, there is a heated glass vessel with a sorbent sample through which flue gases are passing. Furnace allows burning at a defined temperature. The exhaust gas flow path is heated to prevent condensation of the mercury vapor prior to contact with a sorbent. The sorbent container is positioned in the heating element, with controlled and stabilized temperature, which allows for testing mercury sorption in various temperatures. Determination of mercury content is determined before (coal and sorbent), as well as after the process (sorbent and ash). The mercury balance is calculated based on the Hg content determination results. This testing method allows to study sorbent efficiency, depending on sorption temperature, sorbent grain size, and flue-gas rates.

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Mercury in Bituminous Coal Used in Polish Power Plants

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

Blast-furnace process as a source of anthropogenic mercury emissions

Blast-furnace process as a source of anthropogenic mercury emissions

Mercury in Polish Coking Bituminous Coals

The method of determination of mercury adsorption from flue gases

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