Menstrual cycle-associated changes in blood levels of interleukin-6, α1 acid glycoprotein, and C-reactive protein

Jilma, Bernd; Dirnberger, Eva; Löscher, Isabella; Rumplmayr, Anna; Hildebrandt, Jörg; Eichler, Hans‐Georg; Kapiotis, Stylianos; Wagner, Oswald

doi:10.1016/s0022-2143(97)90060-3

Cited by 108 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Maruna et al (28) confirmed the correlation between CRP and leptin, and identified the latter as an acute phase reactant with potential haematopoietic, immunomodulatory, and hepatocytestimulating activity. To our knowledge only two studies have been published to date investigating CRP levels during the physiological menstrual cycle: in a small sample of patients, Jilma et al (29) found increased CRP concentrations at midcycle and in the luteal phase, with a significant correlation with progesterone levels. Blum et al (30) also reported varying CRP concentrations during the menstrual cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum leptin and C-reactive protein levels in the physiological spontaneous menstrual cycle in reproductive age women

Wunder¹,

Yared²,

Bersinger³

et al. 2006

eur j endocrinol

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Objective: Only a few studies have investigated variations of different markers for inflammatory processes during the physiological menstrual cycle. The results are conflicting, particularly concerning the correlation between the marker leptin and steroid hormones. The aim of the study was to investigate the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and leptin in the serum of healthy, normally ovulating women and to correlate these with each other and with the hormones of the gonadal axis. A cycle-dependence of the markers studied would imply an exact timing of the blood sampling for clinical needs. Design: Observational study investigating the two inflammatory markers CRP and leptin in relation to the hormonal pattern of the gonadal axis during the normal cycle. Methods: Ovulatory cycles of 36 healthy, young, normo-androgenic women, having a normal body mass index were evaluated. Serum concentrations of leptin and CRP, as well as of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, 17b-oestradiol, progesterone, prolactin (PRL) and free testosterone were measured every 1-2 days during one full cycle. Results: Serum levels of leptin and CRP behaved differently during ovulatory cycles, with higher concentrations for leptin only during certain phases. Significant correlations were found in the follicular phase between leptin and PRL and leptin and free testosterone. Conclusions: Leptin levels change during the menstrual cycle. Leptin levels are more stable on cycle days 1-5 than later in the cycle. For precise cycle-independent measurements, these fluctuations have to be taken into account. There is no similar cyclic pattern for CRP.European Journal of Endocrinology 155 137-142

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum leptin and C-reactive protein levels in the physiological spontaneous menstrual cycle in reproductive age women

Wunder¹,

Yared²,

Bersinger³

et al. 2006

eur j endocrinol

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“…Jilma B et al in eighteen healthy regularly menstruating premenopausal women found a CRP increase of 44% at midcycle (ovulation) and 31% in the luteal phase in comparison to follicular phase levels. 20 This was significant correlated to the relative rise in progesterone levels during midcycle and the luteal phase. Others like Wunder et al found small non-significant differences in CRP concentrations between the follicular, ovulatory and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in 36 healthy, young, normo-androgenic women, having a normal body mass index.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In contrast to our study findings, increased CRP has been observed by Gaskins AJ et al, Jilma B et al in luteal phase of menstrual cycle in regularly menstruating women, while Wunder K et al, Saxena AR et al did not find any significant differences in CRP concentrations during a menstrual cycle. [19][20][21][22] Gaskins AJ et al found in regularly menstruating women that CRP levels varied significantly across the cycle. 19 CRP tends to be highest during menses, decreased during the follicular phase, was lowest on the expected day of ovulation, and increased in the luteal phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of menstrual cycle phases on C-reactive protein concentrations

et al. 2017

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Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the most commonly employed indicator of acute phase reaction and predictors of cardiovascular disease in healthy women; although, only a sparse information on its variations during a regular menstrual cycle is currently available. Our objective was to see whether CRP levels are affected during different phases of menstrual cycle.Methods: Females aged 15-45 years with regular menstrual cycle in terms of length, flow and variation from cycle to cycle were followed for one menstrual cycle. Serum levels of C-reactive protein were measured in the Follicular (10th day) and in the Luteal (22nd day) phase of the menstrual cycle.Results: C-reactive protein levels were observed to vary in response to the phases of menstrual cycle. The concentrations of C-reactive protein levels tend to be highest during the Follicular phase and it declined significantly in the Luteal phase.Conclusions: Identifying the fluctuations in C-reactive protein levels during the menstrual cycle is essential as there may be clinical implication of the suitable timing of assessment while framing and concluding studies in women of reproductive age.

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“…FACS, ELISA, and confocal microscopy using Abs against human IgM or IgG did not detect Ab bound to AR spermatozoa (data not shown). Second, because C-reactive protein (CRP) initiates the classical pathway via C1q (42) and is present in follicular fluid at levels similar to those in serum (43,44), we performed Western blots and FACS analysis on ionophore-treated spermatozoa exposed to 10% autologous serum. A CRP-specific band at 25 kDa was observed in AR spermatozoa exposed to serum ( Figure 5A).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The observation that complement deposition on viable AR spermatozoa was C1q dependent, but Ab independent, led us to investigate CRP as the activating protein, because this lectin initiates the complement cascade through C1q (42). Also, CRP concentrations in follicular fluid are comparable to those in serum and fluctuate with the female cycle, peaking during ovulation (43,44). Further, since CRP activates complement on apoptotic cells (42,47) and nonviable spermatozoa activate complement (48), we used 3 different nucleic dyes and examined motility to establish that viable, motile, AR spermatozoa activate complement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted and restricted complement activation on acrosome-reacted spermatozoa

Riley-Vargas¹,

Lanzendorf²,

Atkinson³

2005

J. Clin. Invest.

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A specific hypoglycosylated isoform of the complement regulator membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) is expressed on the inner acrosomal membrane (IAM) of spermatozoa. This membrane is exposed after the acrosome reaction, an exocytosis event that occurs upon contact with the zona pellucida. We initiated this investigation to assess MCP's regulatory function in situ on spermatozoa. Upon exposure of human spermatozoa to autologous serum or follicular fluid, we unexpectedly observed that acrosome-reacted spermatozoa activated the complement cascade efficiently through C3 but not beyond. Using FACS to simultaneously evaluate viability, acrosomal status, and complement deposition, we found that complement activation was initiated by C-reactive protein (CRP) and was C1q, C2, and factor B dependent. This pattern is consistent with engagement of the classical pathway followed by amplification through the alternative pathway. C3b deposition was targeted to the IAM, where it was cleaved to C3bi. Factor H, and not MCP, was the cofactor responsible for C3b cleavage. We propose that this localized deposition of complement fragments aids in the fusion process between the spermatozoa and egg, in a role akin to that of complement in immune adherence. In addition, we speculate that this "targeted and restricted" form of complement activation on host cells is a common strategy to handle modified self.

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Menstrual cycle-associated changes in blood levels of interleukin-6, α1 acid glycoprotein, and C-reactive protein

Cited by 108 publications

References 31 publications

Serum leptin and C-reactive protein levels in the physiological spontaneous menstrual cycle in reproductive age women

Serum leptin and C-reactive protein levels in the physiological spontaneous menstrual cycle in reproductive age women

Impact of menstrual cycle phases on C-reactive protein concentrations

Targeted and restricted complement activation on acrosome-reacted spermatozoa

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